Table 1.
Changes in cardiovascular outcomes within- and between groups.
| IHG-60 (n = 12) | IHG-30 (n = 13) | CON (n = 14) | Between-Groups | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Pre | Post | Delta Score | Pre | Post | Delta Score | Pre | Post | Delta Score | p-Value |
| FMD (%) | 5.65 (3.15, 7.35) |
9.18 (5.0, 12.99) |
4.05 (1.65, 5.45), p = 0.002 ** |
5.83 (4.46, 7.07) |
8.15 (6.52, 9.89) |
2.17 (1.69, 2.63), p = 0.001 ** |
6.04 (4.66, 6.83) |
5.54 (4.2, 6.6) |
−0.34 (−0.69, 0.05), p = 0.03 * |
X2 = 27.29, p < 0.001 ** |
| Resting HR (bpm) | 71.5 (65.5, 78.0) |
67.0 (61.75, 73.75) |
−4.0 (−5.0, −4.0), p = 0.002 ** |
74.0 (67.5, 77.5) |
72.0 (65.5, 75.5) |
−2.0 (−2.5, −1.0), p = 0.001 ** |
76.0 (67.75, 78.5) |
75.0 (67.25, 80.25) |
1.0 (−1.0, 1.0), p = 0.516 |
X2 = 21.70, p < 0.001 ** |
| Heart rate variability | ||||||||||
| SDNN (ms) |
54.0 (39.0, 67.25) |
60.50 (44.75, 67.0) |
5.0 (2.0, 11.5), p = 0.017 ** |
54.0 (40.5, 77.0) |
55.0 (44.0, 78.0) |
4.0 (1.5, 6.5), p = 0.002 ** |
53.0 (48.5, 64.5) |
57.0 (52.5, 64.75) |
4.5 (2.75, 6.25), p = 0.002 ** |
X2 = 0.86, p = 0.652 |
| PNN50 (%) |
16.0 (13.25, 19.50) |
18.0 (14.5, 21.75) |
2.0 (1.0, 3.0), p = 0.005 ** |
18.0 (14.0, 24.0) |
18.0 (16.0, 26.5) |
2.0 (0, 3.0), p = 0.019 * |
17.5 (14.75, 20.25) |
20.5 (16.75, 21.5) |
2.0 (1.0, 3.0), p = 0.001 ** |
X2 = 0.58, p = 0.750 |
| HF (nu) |
705.50 (403.50, 879.50) |
674.0 (442.5, 927.5) |
72.0 (−60.0, 120.75), p = 0.347 |
812.0 (355.0, 935.0) |
793.0 (407.0, 991.0) |
48.0 (−4.5, 76.0), p = 0.036 * |
678.0 (566.75, 792.0) |
715.5 (648.75, 840.0) |
37.5 (3.0, 69.75), p = 0.109 |
X2 = 1.23, p = 0.541 |
| LF (nu) |
1378.0 (996.0, 2104.0) |
1329.5 (893.0, 2002.5) |
−89.5 (−104.75, −11.5), p = 0.015 * |
1320.0 (983.5, 2022.0) |
1312.0 (945.5, 2013.0) |
−24.0 (−56.5, −6.5), p = 0.087 |
1267.0 (1066.75, 1717.75) |
1260.5 (1028.75, 1648.75) |
−46.0 (−74,25, −15.0), p = 0.002 ** |
X2 = 3.51, p = 0.173 |
| LF/HF | 2.4 (1.38, 4.58) |
2.0 (1.43, 2.98) |
−0.3 (−0.73, 0.13), p = 0.084 |
1.6 (1.1, 4.8) |
1.7 (1.0, 4.1) |
−0.2 (−0.6, −0.02), p = 0.007 ** |
1.9 (1.45, 4.33) |
1.85 (1.5, 3.45) |
−0.25 (−0.85, 0.2), p = 0.161 |
X2 = 0.16, p = 0.922 |
FMD = flow-mediated dilation; HR = heart rate; IHG-60 = isometric handgrip performed at 60% maximal voluntary contraction; IHG-30 = isometric handgrip performed at 30% maximal voluntary contraction; CON = control. Data presented as median (interquartile range). Significant effects * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01.