Table 2.
Changes in serum markers of inflammation and oxidative stress within- and between groups.
| IHG-60 (n = 12) | IHG-30 (n = 13) | CON (n = 14) | Between-Group | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Pre | Post | Delta Score | Pre | Post | Delta Score | Pre | Post | Delta Score | p-Value |
| TAC (µmol/lit) |
614.5 (541.75, 773.25) |
598.5 (541.25, 780.5) |
6.0 (−23.5, 19.75), p = 0.754 |
583.0 (496.0, 733.5) |
611.0 (511.0, 734.5) |
1.0 (−19.5, 12.0), p = 0.861 |
519.5 (418.75, 820.0) |
532.0 (429.75, 773.5 |
−8.0 (−23.25, 10.75), p = 0.167 |
X2 = 1.27, p = 0.531 |
| MDA (µmol/lit) |
21.0 (15.0, 26.5) |
19.0 (16.0, 25.25) |
−1.0 (−2.75, 1.0), p = 0.102 |
21.0 (12.5, 24.5) |
17.0 (13.0, 23.5) |
−1.0 (−2.0, 1.0), p = 0.265 |
17.5 (12.75, 24.5) |
16.5 (13.0, 23.25) |
−0.5 (−3.0, 1.25), p = 0.143 |
X2 = 0.12, p = 0.940 |
| CP (nmol/mg) |
2.14 (1.32, 2.32) |
2.06 (1.34, 2.24) |
−0.08 (−0.12, −0.07), p = 0.004 ** |
2.17 (1.19, 2.34) |
2.17 (1.21, 2.28) |
−0.03 (−0.09, 0.08), p = 0.552 |
1.72 (1.1, 2.36) |
1.63 (1.2, 2.16) |
−0.01 (−0.25, 0.08), p = 0.315 |
X2 = 3.51, p = 0.173 |
| IL-6 (pg/mL) |
1.41 (1.31, 1.55) |
1.49 (1.35, 1.68) |
0.12 (−0.02, 0.16), p = 0.031 * |
1.53 (1.45, 1.72) |
1.36 (1.22, 1.55) |
−0.22 (−0.27, −0.01), p = 0.009 ** |
1.34 (1.22, 1.48) |
1.44 (1.26, 1.58) |
0.07 (−0.09, 0.11), p = 0.431 |
X2 = 13.96, p = 0.001 ** |
| TNF-α (pg/mL) |
4.65 (3.98, 5.68) |
5.2 (4.23, 5.55 |
0.65 (−0.3, 1.05), p = 0.124 |
4.9 (3.5, 6.15) |
4.7 (3.4, 5.75) |
−0.3 (−0.55, 0.05), p = 0.022 * |
4.6 (3.65, 8.18) |
6.25 (4.81, 8.31) |
0.9 (−0.24, 1.53), p = 0.035 * |
X2 = 8.15, p = 0.017 * |
| ET-1 (pg/mL) |
1.12 (0.9, 2.08) |
1.08 (0.97, 1.84) |
−0.09 (−0.16, 0.01), p = 0.041 * |
1.07 (0.96, 1.54) |
1.12 (0.98, 1.28) |
−0.01 (−0.07, 0.07), p = 0.674 |
1.22 (1.02, 1.44) |
1.41 (1.15, 1.66) |
0.1 (−0.05, 0.35), p = 0.059 |
X2 = 7.66, p = 0.022 * |
TAC = total antioxidant capacity; MDA = malondialdehyde; CP = carbonyl protein; IL-6 = Interleukin-6; TNF = tumor necrosis factor-α; ET-1 = Endothelin-1; IHG-60 = isometric handgrip performed at 60% maximal voluntary contraction; IHG-30 = isometric handgrip performed at 30% maximal voluntary contraction; CON = control. Significant effects * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01.