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Mechanisms of cardiotoxicity induced by monoclonal antibodies/small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Inhibition of intracellular signaling by interference with downstream signaling pathways induces oxidative stress, ER stress, and apoptosis, ultimately causing cardiac injury. EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; HER2, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2; VEGFR, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor. Created with BioRender.com.
