Table 2.

Comparison with Related Work.

Lab	Category	Subject	Number of Students	Number of Experiments	Learning Outcome	Open-Source
MASTERS VLAB [11].	Virtual Lab	Digital Signal Processing	31	20	The tool enhanced students’ understanding of the course material	yes
V-Lab [12].	Virtual Lab	Network Security	212	20	Students who performed better in progressive experiments also get better grades with 99% confidence	yes
VLAB OER [13].	Virtual Lab	9 Disciplines	19000	1650	Overall student feedback is positive, and student performances show similar performances in physical and virtual labs.	yes
OPTILAB [14].	Virtual Lab	Optics	83	N/A	N/A	no
ONL [15].	Remote Lab	Computer Networks	29	4	The contribution of the lab experience to student learning was comparable to lecture learning.	no
VISIR [16].	Remote Lab	Analog Electronics	159	N/A	The use of remote labs has a positive effect on student learning regardless of their previous practical experience	no
Advanced Digital Lab [17].	Remote Lab	Digital Electronics	510	N/A	Remote labs can be almost as effective as traditional labs considering student learning advanced digital concepts.	no
Undergraduate Digital Circuits Lab [18].	Remote Lab	Digital Electronics	96	N/A	The results show no noticeable difference between online and face-to-face approaches.	no
Hybrid 802.11 Network Security [19].	Hybrid Lab	Digital Electronics	76	N/A	Hybrid lab is as effective as a traditional physical lab.	no
Mohsen et al. [20].	Remote Lab	Digital Electronics	50	3	N/A	no
Leisenberg and Stepponat [21].	Remote Lab	Computer Science and Big Data	N/A	N/A	N/A	no
Oballe-Peinado et al. [22].	Remote Lab	Digital Electronics	N/A	N/A	N/A	no
Martin et al. [23].	Remote Lab	Digital Electronics	N/A	12	N/A	no
Schwandt and Winzker [24].	Remote Lab	Digital Electronics	N/A	1	N/A	no
LabEAD	Remote Lab	Digital Electronics	134	6	The remote lab enabled all the face-to-face experiments during the pandemic, with overall positive student feedback	yes