Table 1.
Summary of ethanol detection devices and techniques.
| No. | Device/Technique | Parameter | Type | Form Factor |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Nicloux Flask | Chemical reaction | Bodily fluid testing | Flask/blood extraction |
| 2 | Widmark Flask | Chemical reaction | Bodily fluid testing | Flask/blood extraction |
| 3 | EBAC Equation | Estimation based on physiological factors | Early estimation method | Equation |
| 4 | Photovoltaic Assay | Color change based on oxidation level | Breath alcohol | Portable device |
| 5 | Intoxilyzer | Near-infrared spectroscopy | Breath alcohol | Benchtop device |
| 6 | Fuel-Cell Analyzer | Current generated by ethanol oxidation | Breath alcohol | Portable device |
| 7 | Semiconductor Breath Analyzer | Strip color change | Breath alcohol | Portable device |
| 8 | Ignition Interlock Breath Analyzer | Alcohol oxidation reaction—fuel cell | Breath alcohol | Portable device |
| 9 | Gas Chromatography | Evaporation and separation of components | Bodily fluid testing | Benchtop device |
| 10 | Headspace Gas Chromatography | Evaporation and separation of components | Bodily fluid testing | Benchtop device |
| 11 | Enzymatic Blood Testing | Strip color change | Modern estimation method | Strip test |
| 12 | EtG Test | Strip color change | Modern estimation method | Strip test |
| 13 | PPG Datum Line | Changes in PPG signal—systolic and diastolic | Physiological factor analysis | PPG analysis/modern estimation method |
| 14 | Face Heat-Map Distribution | IR image analysis of the forehead and nose | Physiological factor analysis | IR in-vehicle cameras |
| 15 | Volvo SPA2 Platform | Head position | Physiological factor analysis | In-vehicle cameras |
| 16 | Bioimpedance Spectroscopy | Impedance across the body, legs, and arms | Transdermal sensor | Experimental device/benchtop |
| 17 | SCRAM CAM | Alcohol in sweat | Transdermal sensor | Wristband |
| 18 | GinerWrist TAS | Alcohol in sweat | Transdermal sensor | Wristband |
| 19 | BACtrack Skyn | Alcohol in sweat | Transdermal sensor | Wristband |
| 20 | Proof | Alcohol in sweat | Transdermal sensor | Wristband |
| 21 | Quantic Tally | Alcohol in sweat | Transdermal sensor | Wristband |
| 22 | Iontophoretic Biosensing System | Stimulated emittance of ethanol from the skin | Transdermal sensor | Tattoo sticker |
| 23 | Enzymatic Biosensors | Enzymatic redox reaction | Transdermal sensors | Transdermal sensors |
| 24 | Biosniffer | Inert gas and fluorescence | Transdermal sensors | Benchtop device |
| 25 | EtG Sensor | By-product of ethanol metabolism | Transdermal sensor | Wristband |
| 26 | ISF Sensor | Extraction of ISF | Transdermal sensor | Wristband |
| 27 | ISF Microneedle Sensor | Sensing of ethanol in the ISF | Transdermal sensors | Skin-attachable patch |
| 28 | TTT1100 | Spectroscopic measurement of tissue | Optical tissue spectroscopy | Benchtop |
| 29 | TTT2500 | Spectroscopic measurement of tissue | Optical tissue spectroscopy |
Benchtop |
| 30 | NIR Dynamic Spectrum | Spectroscopic measurement of tissue/physiological parameter | Optical tissue spectroscopy |
Algorithm |
| 31 | Autoliv | Spectroscopic measurement of exhaled air | Optical breath spectroscopy | In-vehicle module |
| 32 | WD-DPTR | Spectroscopic measurement of tissue | Optical tissue spectroscopy | Benchtop device |
| 33 | Pulse Alcometry | Absorption of light at specific wavelengths and pulse variation | Optical tissue spectroscopy | PPG adaptation |
| 34 | THC and Alcohol Saliva Sensor | Saliva content reaction with electrodes | Bodily fluid testing | Ring |
| 35 | Breast-Milk Sensing | Strip color change | Bodily fluid testing | Strip test |
| 36 | Rockley Photonics VitaSpex Pro | Spectroscopic measurement of tissue | Optical tissue spectroscopy | Wristband |
| 37 | Hair Analysis | Detection of EtG and EtPA | Modern estimation method | Laboratory test |
| 38 | Nail Analysis | Detection of EtG and EtPA | Modern estimation method | Laboratory test |