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. 2022 Sep 15;12(9):868. doi: 10.3390/metabo12090868

Table 2.

Results of Individual Studies.

Study Duration Reporting Time Main Results of Blood Immune Cell Parameters
Kazi 1997 [54] 12 weeks Pre treatment
12 weeks		 A significant increase in lymphocytes and CD4.
Yoshida 1998 [51] 4 weeks Pre treatment
4 weeks

  1. A reduction in the lymphocyte count;

  2. A blast formation of lymphocytes and the amount of phenolsulfonphthalein excretion in the urine was greater in the control than in the glutamine group.
de Luis 2005 [56] 12 weeks Pre treatment
12 weeks		 No significant intergroup differences in the trend of the three serum proteins and lymphocytes were detected.
Saxton 2014 [49] 24 weeks Pre treatment
24 weeks		 Women in the control group had higher total leukocyte, neutrophil, and lymphocyte counts in comparison to the intervention group at the 6-month follow-up.
Sangthawan 2015 [53] Unlimited Pre treatment
5 weeks
Post treatment

  1. White blood cell and neutrophil counts all continuously decreased from baseline to 1-month follow-up and again no significant differences in the 2 groups were detected;

  2. The pattern of responses of circulating total lymphocytes, total T lymphocytes (CD3), and T lymphocyte subpopulations (CD4 and CD8) were similar in the 2 groups;

  3. The absolute numbers of T lymphocyte parameters of both groups continued to decrease after starting radiation therapy to lower than 50% of the baseline level at week 5 of radiation therapy and increased slightly in the first month after completion of radiation therapy;

  4. There were no statistically significant differences between the 2 groups at any of the 3 time points.
Paixao 2017 [50] 30 days Pre treatment
30 days

  1. The percentages of peripheral blood CD4(+) T lymphocytes and serum high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) levels were maintained in the control group;

  2. A significant reduction in the percentage of CD4(+) T lymphocytes in the peripheral blood in the experimental group.
Feijo 2019 [52] 30 days Pre treatment
30 days		 There was the maintenance of the immune profile in both groups;
Wierdak 2021 [55] 2 weeks Pre treatment
2 weeks		 In both groups, a decrease in superficial neutrophil infiltration was observed, but this was only statistically significant in the immune group;
Wang 2021 [58] 12 weeks Pre treatment
3 weeks
6 weeks
12 weeks		 On day 84, the number of CD3, CD4, and CD8 cells was significantly higher in the experimental group;
Bumrungpert 2018 [57] 12 weeks Pre treatment
6 weeks
12 weeks

  1. Whey protein supplementation significantly increased albumin and immunoglobulin G levels compared to the control group at week 12;

  2. There was a significant time-dependent increase in the intervention group.
Homkham 2021 [48] 4 weeks Pre treatment
2 weeks
4 weeks

  1. Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and absolute lymphocyte count at baseline was significantly associated with dynamic changes in neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and absolute lymphocyte count;

  2. The magnitudes of the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and absolute lymphocyte count changes through treatment were lower than in control;

  3. The differences were not statistically significant except for absolute lymphocyte count at the end of treatment.