Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of subjects with NGT, pre-DM, and T2DM.
| NGT (n = 58) | Pre-DM (n = 54) | T2DM (n = 62) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male/Female | 21/37 | 26/28 | 32/30 | 0.211 |
| Age (years) | 32 (27, 48)*ƚ | 52 (40, 60)ƚ | 57 (47, 63) | <0.001 |
| Family history of diabetes (first-degree relatives) | 26 (44.8) | 28 (51.9) | 39 (62.9) | 0.134 |
| Medical history, n (%) Smoker Hypertension Dyslipidemia |
3 (5.2) 7 (12.1) 5 (8.6) |
9 (16.7) 14 (25.9) 18 (33.3) |
11 (17.7) 36 (58.1) 23 (37.1) |
0.085<0.001 0.001 |
| Weight (kg) | 63.7 (53.5, 79) | 69.7 (61.8, 76.9) | 68.9 (63.8, 83.4) | 0.28 |
| Height (cm) | 161.1 (155.9, 168.2) | 160.4 (154.3, 170.3) | 160.8 (154.1, 167.5) | 0.77 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24 (21.7, 28)*ƚ | 26.2 (24.4, 29.8) | 26.7 (24.6, 31.8) | 0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 87.3 (80.5, 94.3)*ƚ | 93.5 (87.8, 100.25) | 95 (90, 108.75) | <0.001 |
| Hip circumference (cm) |
101 (92.9, 107.3)*ƚ | 104.8 (99.8, 110) | 105 (98, 111.3) | 0.012 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.85 (0.79, 0.92)*ƚ | 0.88 (0.8, 0.94) | 0.93 (0.87, 0.98) | 0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 119 ± 14*ƚ | 131 ± 17 | 132 ± 17 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 74 ± 9*ƚ | 78 ± 11(70,85) | 79 ± 13 | 0.012 |
| Laboratory assay | ||||
| HbA1c (%) | 5.3 (5.1, 5.6)*ƚ | 6 (5.6, 6.3)ƚ | 7.1 (6.5,7.9) | <0.001 |
| Fasting insulin (µU/ml) | 10.8 ± 5.77*ƚ | 16.33 ± 8.19 | 18.46 ± 13.98 | <0.001 |
| Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 0.85 (0.68, 1.33)*ƚ | 1.1 (0.9, 1.83)ƚ | 1.55 (1.2, 2.03) | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.18 (4.2, 5.6) | 5.05 (4.58, 5.5) | 4.8 (4.08, 5.63) | 0.553 |
| LDL-C(mmol/L) | 2.96 ± 0.73 | 3.08 ± 0.92 | 2.81 ± 1.27 | 0.27 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.5 (1.3, 1.8)*ƚ | 1.25 (1,1.53) | 1.2 (1, 1.3) | <0.001 |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 4.95 ± 0.44*ƚ | 5.71 ± 0.71ƚ | 7.56 ± 2.23 | <0.001 |
Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation or median (25th percentile and 75th percentile).
NGT, normal glucose tolerance; pre-DM, pre-diabetes; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; HOMA-IS, homeostasis model assessment of insulin sensitivity; TyG, triglyceride–glucose index.
*p<0.05 versus pre-DM; ƚ p<0.05 versus T2DM.