Table 2.
Clinical characteristics of Malay, Chinese, and Indian subjects with NGT, pre-DM, and T2DM.
| Malays (n = 62) | Chinese (n = 60) | Indians (n = 52) | Overall | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NGT (n = 19) |
pre-DM (n = 21) |
T2DM (n = 22) |
p-value | NGT (n = 20) |
pre-DM (n = 17) |
T2DM (n = 23) |
p-value | NGT (n = 19) |
pre-DM (n = 16) |
T2DM (n = 17) |
p-value | p-value a | |
| Male/female | 6/13 | 9/12 | 11/11 | 0.489 | 10/10 | 9/8 | 13/10 | 0.912 | 5/14 | 8/8 | 8/9 | 0.288 | 0.309 |
| Age (years) | 27 (25, 32)*ƚ |
43 (34.5, 54) |
54 (45, 61) |
<0.001 | 35 (27, 61)*ƚ |
59 (45, 63) |
58 (47, 65) |
0.045 | 37 (30, 48)*ƚ |
53 (38, 59) |
58 (50, 63) |
<0.001 | 0.003 |
| Family history of diabetes (first-degree relatives) | 8 (42.1) | 10 (47.6) | 11 (50) | 0.876 | 7 (35) | 11 (64.7) | 15 (65.2) | 0.088 | 11 (57.9) | 7 (43.8) | 13 (76.5) | 0.157 | 0.368 |
| Medical history, n (%) Smoker Hypertension Dyslipidemia |
1 (5.3) 1 (5.3) 1 (5.3) |
5 (23.8) 6 (28.6) 4 (19) |
3 (13.6) 11 (50) 7 (31.8) |
0.323 0.007 0.117 |
2 (10) 3 (15) 3 (15) |
1 (5.9) 7 (41.2) 8 (47.1) |
6 (26.1) 17 (73.9) 11 (47.8) |
0.222 0.001 0.048 |
0 (0) 3 (15.8) 1 (5.3) |
3 (18.8) 1 (6.3) 6 (37.5) |
2 (11.8) 8 (47.1) 5 (29.4) |
0.144 0.021 0.045 |
0.655 0.35 0.077 |
| Weight (kg) | 59ƚ (53.5,79) |
68.3 (60.1, 75.5) |
75.5 (63, 92.7) |
0.033 | 64.2 (51.7, 73.6) |
66 (58.1, 75.9) |
67.2 (63.8, 77.7) | 0.213 | 73.9 (57.7, 82.8) |
70.8 (68.9, 77.8) | 67.7 (61.2, 83.2) | 0.826 | 0.245 |
| Height (cm) | 160 ± 7.59 | 159.8 ± 9.2 | 158.2 ± 8.6 | 0.750 | 163.4 ± 10.1 |
162 ± 9.7 | 162.8 ± 7.5 |
0.931 | 163.2 ± 7.6 | 163.4 ± 8.3 | 162.4 ± 10.5 | 0.943 | 0.34 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.86 (22.03, 27.12)ƚ |
27.18 (24.13, 29.86) |
29.15 (24.76, 36.74) |
0.008 | 23.38 (19.84, 25.24)*ƚ | 25.95 (22.87, 27.91) | 25.76 (24.4, 28.58) |
0.007 | 26.36 (22.26, 29.72) | 26.59 (24.58, 31.05) | 26.31 (24.73, 31.56) | 0.853 | 0.21 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 84 (79, 96)ƚ |
93 (86.5, 101) |
103 (90.3, 110.5) |
0.009 | 93.5 (87.8, 96)*ƚ |
93 (86.5, 101) |
92 (90, 99) |
0.042 | 89 (83, 95)*ƚ |
97 (89.1, 100.8) |
96 (89.5, 109) |
0.014 | 0.428 |
| Hip circumference (cm) | 104 (98, 108) |
103 (98, 109.8) |
107.5 (99.5, 115) |
0.212 | 95.4 (86.3, 100.5)*ƚ |
104 (98.8, 109.5) |
100 (97,109) | 0.005 | 106 (95, 114) | 110 (103.6, 118.3) | 105 (101, 112.3) | 0.262 | 0.38 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.82 (0.78, 0.89)ƚ |
0.89 (0.78, 0.97) |
0.93 (0.85, 0.99) |
0.022 | 0.89 (0.82, 0.98) |
0.88 (0.8, 0.95) |
0.93 (0.87, 0.97) | 0.464 | 0.84 (0.8, 0.88)ƚ | 0.88 (0.78, 0.91) | 0.91 (0.87, 0.97) | 0.028 | 0.22 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 118 ± 9ƚ | 129 ± 20 | 133 ± 18 | 0.012 | 122 ± 16ƚ | 132 ± 18 | 137 ± 14 | 0.009 | 118 ± 16* | 134 ± 13 | 124 ± 17 | 0.017 | 0.22 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 73 ± 7 | 75 ± 12 | 82 ± 14 | 0.064 | 73 ± 9*ƚ | 79 ± 9 | 81 ± 10 | 0.02 | 74 ± 11 | 81 ± 8ƚ | 73 ± 12 | 0.085 | 0.488 |
| Heart rate | 80 ± 14 | 75 ± 11 | 84 ± 16 | 0.141 | 76 ± 10 | 78 ± 15 | 76 ± 15 | 0.904 | 72 ± 11 | 72 ± 12 | 73 ± 11 | 0.883 | 0.05 |
| Laboratory assay | |||||||||||||
| HbA1c (%) | 5.2 (5, 5.5)*ƚ |
5.8ƚ (5.2,6.3) |
7 (6.4,7.7) |
<0.001 | 5.3 (5.1, 5.7)*ƚ | 6 (6, 6.6)ƚ |
7 (6.4, 7.7) |
<0.001 | 5.4 (5.1, 5.7)*ƚ | 6.1 (5.9, 6.4)ƚ | 7.7 (7, 8.9) | <0.001 | 0.368 |
| Fasting insulin (µU/ml) | 9.77 ± 4.54 | 16.02 ± 10.10 | 16.31 ± 14.73 | 0.111 | 8.44 ± 3.82*ƚ | 13.27 ± 7.84 | 20.49 ± 15.99 | 0.03 | 14.32 ± 7.01* |
20 ± 3.18 | 18.5 ± 9.8 | 0.062 | 0.002 |
| Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 0.8 (0.6, 1.3)*ƚ | 1.3 (1, 2.1) | 1.7 (1.2, 2.2) | 0.001 | 0.9 (0.6, 1.4)ƚ | 1.1 (0.9, 1.8)ƚ | 1.5 (1.2, 2.1) | 0.008 | 0.9 (0.8, 1.4)ƚ | 1 (0.9, 1.6)ƚ | 1.3 (1.2, 1.8) | 0.028 | 0.825 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.9 (4,5.6) |
5.2 (4.7, 5.5) |
5.4 (4.2,5.9) |
0.825 | 5.1 (4.2, 5.4) |
4.9 (4.3, 5.5) |
4.8 (3.8, 5.5) |
0.835 | 5.3 (4.6, 5.6) | 5 (4.7, 5.5) | 4.6 (4.2, 5.1) | 0.141 | 0.279 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.9 ± 0.7 | 3.2 ± 0.9 | 3.1 ± 1.2 | 0.611 | 2.8 ± 0.8 | 2.8 ± 1.1 | 2.6 ± 1 | 0.646 | 3.2 ± 0.6 | 3.3 ± 0.7 | 2.8 ± 1 | 0.15 | 0.06 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.5 (1.4, 1.6)*ƚ | 1.1 (1,1.5) |
1.3 (1.1, 1.4) |
0.01 | 1.6 (1.1, 2)ƚ |
1.4 (1.1, 1.8) |
1.2 (1, 1.3) |
0.04 | 1.5 (1.3, 1.7)ƚ |
1.2 (1, 1.4) |
1.1 (1, 1.3) |
0.044 | 0.606 |
Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation or median (25th percentile and 75th percentile).
NGT, normal glucose tolerance; pre-DM, pre-diabetes; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
a
Malay versus Chinese versus Indian.
*p<0.05 versus pre-DM; ƚ p<0.05 versus T2DM.