Table 1.
Characteristics of the study population according to low ALMBMI and MetS
| ALMBMI > cutoff |
p value | ALMBMI < cutoff |
p value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| no MetS | MetS | no MetS | MetS | |||
| Female, n (%) | 475 (57.0) | 184 (43.8) | ns | 17 (37.0) | 28 (35.9) | 0.006 |
| Age, years | 68.6 (65.8–71) | 68.4 (65.3–719) | 0.026 | 69.7 (67.2–73.2) | 69.5 (66.9–71.7) | 0.017 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.9 (23.01–27.1) | 27.81 (26.06–30.23) | <0.001 | 29.07 (27.33–31.35) | 32.85 (29.73–37.48) | <0.001 |
| ALM, g | 19.5 (16.4–24.3) | 23.6 (18.2–26.8) | 0.011 | 20.0 (15.1–22.5) | 20.8 (16.6–24.6) | ns |
| Professional education, years | 4 (3–5) | 4 (3–5) | ns | 3.5 (3–5) | 3.5 (3–5) | ns |
| Total energy/day, kcal/day | 2,081 (1,721–2,573) | 2,174 (1,770–2,685) | ns | 2,398 (1,796–2,766) | 2,271 (1,754–2,686) | ns |
| Physical inactivity, n (%) | 49 (5.9) | 56 (13.4) | 0.046 | 7 (16.7) | 16 (21.1) | 0.018 |
| Current smoking, n (%) | 66 (9.4) | 32 (9.1) | ns | 4 (11.4) | 7 (11.1) | ns |
| Regular alcohol intake, n (%) | 629 (89.3) | 327 (92.9) | ns | 32 (91.4) | 54 (85.7) | ns |
| CRP, mg/L | 1 (0.5–1.7) | 1.3 (0.7–2.6) | <0.001 | 1.7 (1–2.7) | 2.6 (1.4–4.6) | <0.001 |
| Circulating TNF, pg/mL | 0.18 (0–0.53) | 0.10 (0–0.42) | ns | 0.15 (0–0.45) | 0.21 (0–0.44) | ns |
| Circulating IL-6, pg/mL | 1.77 (1.07–2.74) | 1.93 (1.36–3.10) | <0.001 | 2.22 (1.50–3.59) | 3.22 (1.87–4.33) | 0.006 |
| Circulating IL-1β, pg/mL | 0.081 (0–0.391) | 0.019 (0–0.263) | ns | 0.026 (0–0.247) | 0.033 (0–0.286) | ns |
| Circulating IL-10, pg/mL | 0.37 (0.17–0.67) | 0.35 (0.18–0.59) | 0.035 | 0.41 (0.27–0.57) | 0.41 (0.27–0.81) | ns |
As cutoff values for low ALMBMI, <0.789 in men and <0.512 in women were chosen according to the lean mass thresholds for higher likelihood of weakness as identified within the FNIH Sarcopenia Project. Subjects with an ALMBMI below these cutoffs were classified as participants with low ALMBMI. BMI, body mass index; ALM, appendicular lean mass; CRP, C-reactive protein; IL, interleukin; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; ALMBMI, ALM-to-BMI ratio; MetS, metabolic syndrome; FNIH, Foundation for the National Institutes of Health.