| AMPK | AMP-activated protein kinase |
| DM | Diabetes mellitus |
| DPP-4 | Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 |
| G-6Pase | Glucose-6-phosphatase |
| GIP | Glucose-based insulin tropic polypeptide |
| GLP-1 | Glucagon-like peptide-1 |
| GLUT-4 | Glucose transporter type 4 |
| GSK3B | Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta |
| INSR | Insulin receptor |
| MAPK1 | Mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 |
| NIDDM | Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus |
| PTP1B | Protein tyrosine phosphatase1B |
| T1D | Type 1 diabetes |
| T2D | Type 2 diabetes |
| TNF | Tumor necrosis factor |
| WHO | World Health Organization |
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