Table 1.
Illustration of cellulose extraction from different agriculture species.
| Agricultural Species | Pretreatment | Treatment | Experimental Method | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sweet potato vine | Cut sweet potato vine (30 g) about 3 mm in length | Acid and alkali treatment | NaClO2 (10 g/L), acetic acid (2 mL/L) bleaching (70 °C) for 1 h, added acetic acid (2 mL) every hour three times; 6 wt% KOH solution (80 °C) for 3 h; washed by water; | [51] |
| Onion and garlic | Onion, garlic stalks and peels washed, dried, then pulverize | Acid and alkali treatment | The mixed solution of toluene and ethanol (2:1) was reflux for 6 h; 0.7% (w/v) NaClO2, 100 °C, 2 h, fiber to solution mass ratio 1:50; | [52] |
| Orange mesocarp | Cut the orange mesocarp into pieces, drying under 105 °C to completely dry, then pulverize | Acid and alkali treatment | 2.7% (w/w) NaOH for 180 min, 5.3% (w/w) NaClO2, H2O2 9.3% (w/w) continuous bleaching; | [53] |
| Buckwheat and rice | Immersed in acetone solution at room temperature for 24 h | Acid and alkali treatment | NaClO2 under pH 4–5, 75 °C bleaching four times; 4% (w/w) NaOH solution treated for 1 h; | [54] |
| Rice husk and coffee husk | Pulverize residue into averaged particle size 2–3 mm | Acid and alkali treatment | 4 wt% NaOH mass of solid: mass of solution 1:20 stirred for 3 h; 1.7 wt% NaClO2 with mass of solid: mass of solution 1:20 for 4 h | [55] |
| Rice and oat husks | Wash the residue and dry for 24 h with temperature of 50 °C; | Acid and alkali treatment | NaOH (27 g/L) acetic acid (75 g/L) and 1 L distilled water, 90 °C for 4 h; | [56] |
| Arecanut husk | Immersed in toluene: ethanol (v/v) = 2:1, 48 h with temperature 50 °C; wash with boiling water and dry; cut into 6 mm on average; | Acid and alkali treatment | 5% NaOH 50 °C for 4 h; 3.5 M NaClO2 for bleaching; milling into pulp treated with alkali again and then 5 M NaClO2 bleaching again; | [57] |
| Rice bran | 0.3% α-amylase treated for 30 min with 95 °C, centrifuge (10 min) | Enzyme alkali and acid treatment | 4% NaOH treatment for 75 min; washed with water, ethanol, acetone 2 times; 0.1 M HCl, 10% (w/v) NaClO2 12 h at a temperature of 25 °C | [58] |