Table 3.

Integrin-associated therapy and the related drugs in cancer therapeutics.

Therapeutics Target	Drug	Mechanism	Cancer Type	Status	Reference
integrin	Cilengitide	an inhibitor of integrin ανβ3, ανβ5, α5β1, αIIβ3	lung cancer, breast cancer, glioblastoma, prostate cancer, melanoma, squamous cell cancer	in clinical trials	[203,207,208]
	Abituzumab	inhibiting integrin ανβ1, ανβ3, ανβ5, ανβ6, ανβ8	colorectal cancer. ovarian cancer	in clinical trials	[203,209]
	Etaracizumab	inhibiting integrin ανβ3	melanoma prostate cancer	a phase II trial	[203]
	Intetumumab	inhibiting integrin ανβ1, ανβ3, ανβ5, ανβ6, ανβ8	melanoma prostate cancer	a phase II trial	[203]
	NCT02428270	using a FAK inhibitor in combination with a MEK1 and MEK2 inhibitor	pancreatic cancer	a phase II trial	[206]
	NCT02546531	using a FAK inhibitor in combination with a humanized antibody targeting programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1) and chemotherapy	solid tumors pancreatic cancer	a phase I trial	[206]
	NCT01279603	inhibit MUC1 cytoplasmic tail oligomerization	solid tumors	a phase I trial	[206]
	NCT00565721	as valuable probes in cancer imaging studies to determine both prognosis and treatment efficacy	lung cancer Head & Neck cancer	a phase II trial	[206]
	NCT02683824	an αvβ6 integrin tracer to detect tumors and evaluate treatment response in patients with pancreatic cancer	pancreatic cancer	early phase I trial	[206]
	snake venom disintegrins	inhibiting integrins on transmembrane cellular surfaces	prostate breast cancer lung cancer sarcoma	a promising candidate awaiting further testing	[208]