Table 1.

Applications of spectroscopic technique for COVID-19 detection

Sample	Spectroscopic technique	Analyte /Analytes	Sensitivity	Specificity	Accuracy	Ref
Pregnant woman Sera	FTIR	Proteins and lipids	96.30%–100%	91.67%–100%	More than 90%	[55]
Human saliva	ATR-FTIR	Proteins	99.2%	100%	99.6%	[54]
Human Saliva	synchrotron infrared IR and Atomic force microscope AFM-IR	Proteins and lipids	93%	82%	N/R	[50]
Human plasma samples	ATR-FTIR	Proteins	94.1%	69.2%	N/R	[56]
Human saliva samples	ATR-FTIR	Nucleic acids (virus RNA)	95%	89%	90%	[49]
Human nasopharyngeal swab	ATR-FTIR	Virus RNA	97%	98.3	97.8%	[53]
Human nasopharyngeal swab	ATR-FTIR	Proteins and lipids	84% and 87%	66% and 64%	78.4%	[17]
Human serum	ATR − FT-IR	Protein and lipids	87%	98%	N/R	[97]
Human sputum or throat swab	SERS	Virus Antigen	83.3%	92.5%	87.7%	[98]
Nucleic acids samples	SERS	Virus nucleic acids	89.47%	87.5%	N/R	[96]
Human sera	Raman spectroscopy	IgM and IgG	84.0%	95.0%	90.3%	[38]
Human saliva	SERS	Proteins	More than 90%	More than 90%	More than 90%	[16]
Human serum	Raman spectroscopy	Proteins and lipids	87%	100%	93%	[99]
Exhaled breath	PTR-MS	Methylpent-2-enal, 2,4-octadiene 1-chloroheptane, and nonanal	90%	94%	93%	[77]
Exhaled breath	GC–MS	Benzaldehyde, 1-propanol, 3,6-methylundecane, camphene, beta-cubebene, iodobenzene	68%	85%	N/R	[100]
Human plasma	MALDI-TOF–MS	Proteins (amyloid)	93%	92%	92%,	[101]
Nasal swab	MALDI-TOF–MS	Proteins	More than 99%	More than 99%	98.3%	[102]
Nasal swab	MALDI-MS	Proteins (immunoglobulins)	Ranged between 92.7 and 94.5%	Ranged between 90.6 and 92.6%	93.9%	[51]
Human serum	MALDI-TOF–MS	Peptidome Profiling	98%	100%	99%	[88]
Human blood and faecal samples	GC–MS	Sucrose,2-palmitoyl-glycerol, 1,5-anhydroglucitol D-pinitol and oxalate	N/R	N/R	N/R	[103]
Human gargle solution samples	LC/MS	SARS-CoV-2 Proteins	N/R	N/R	N/R	[67]