Table 2.

Baseline and follow-up physical activity levels and food scores among American Indians and Alaska Natives with type 2 diabetes participating in the Special Diabetes Program for Indians - Healthy Heart demonstration project (SDPI-HH), 2006–2009.

Characteristic	All Participants		Women		Men		P-value a
	N (%) or mean ± SD
Mean RAPA Score
Baseline	3.89 ± 1.08		3.76 ± 1.10		4.15 ± 1.01		<0.001
Follow-up year one (n = 1,575)	4.08 ± 0.99		4.01 ± 1.02		4.25 ± 0.91		<0.001
Change of RAPA (time point one-baseline)	0.15 ± 1.15		0.20 ± 1.21		0.04 ± 0.99		0.01
Follow-up year three (n = 1,222)	3.94 ± 1.14		3.87 ± 1.15		4.08 ± 1.12		0.002
Change of RAPA (time point three-baseline)	−0.01 ± 1.25		0.05 ± 1.28		−0.14 ± 1.19		0.01
RAPA1 Category at baseline b							<0.001
Not Active	1817	62.3 %	1304	67.7 %	513	51.8 %
Active	1099	37.7 %	621	32.3 %	478	48.2 %
Mean Healthy food score c
Baseline	3.52 ± 0.81		3.53 ± 0.82		3.49 ± 0.79		0.2
Follow-up year one (n = 1,575)	3.64 ± 0.78		3.65 ± 0.79		3.61 ± 0.76		0.4
Change of healthy food score (time point one-baseline)	0.08 ± 0.73		0.08 ± 0.73		0.08 ± 0.75		0.9
Follow-up year three (n = 1,222)	3.69 ± 0.80		3.74 ± 0.79		3.58 ± 0.80		0.002
Change of healthy food score (time point three-baseline)	0.11 ± 0.81		0.13 ± 0.80		0.06 ± 0.81		0.2
Healthy food score at baseline							0.1
Low healthy food score (≤median)	1492	50.3 %	964	49.3 %	528	52.1 %
High healthy food score (>median)	1477	49.7 %	992	50.7 %	485	47.9 %
Physical activity and healthy food score (PAHF) categories
Baseline
Non-active and low healthy food score	963	33.6 %	686	36.3 %	277	28.5 %	<0.001
Active and low healthy food score	477	16.7 %	248	13.1 %	229	23.5 %
Non-active and high healthy food score	825	28.8 %	598	31.7 %	227	23.3 %
Active and high healthy food score	597	20.9 %	357	18.9 %	240	24.7 %
Follow-up year one
No increase in physical activity or healthy food score	511	35.1 %	340	33.9 %	171	37.7 %	0.003
Increase in physical activity and no increase in healthy food score	240	16.5 %	179	17.9 %	61	13.4 %
No increase in physical activity and increase in healthy food score	470	32.3 %	305	30.4 %	165	36.3 %
Increase in physical activity and healthy food score	235	16.1 %	178	17.8 %	57	12.6 %
Follow-up year three
No increase in physical activity or healthy food score	383	33.2 %	235	30.5 %	148	38.8 %	<0.001
Increase in physical activity and no increase in healthy food score	160	13.9 %	125	16.2 %	35	9.2 %
No increase in physical activity and increase in healthy food score	415	36.0 %	271	35.1 %	144	37.8 %
Increase in physical activity and healthy food score	194	16.8 %	140	18.2 %	54	14.2 %

Abbreviations: Body mass index (BMI); Rapid Assessment of Physical Activity (RAPA); Standard deviation (SD).

Physical activity measured using Rapid Assessment of Physical Activity.

^aP-value for X² tests comparing male and female participants in the proportion of each category for each characteristic variable or two sample t-test comparing distribution of each continuous variable in two gender groups.

^bActive is defined as a RAPA1 value of 5 is active, not active is defined as a RAPA1 value of 1–4.

^cHealthy Food score was constructed by averaging the intake frequency of six healthy goods (whole grain bread; fruit; green leafy salad; cooked dried beans; fish, chicken, game; vegetables). The frequency for each type of food was reported as: (1) less than once a month, (2) 1–3 times a month, (3) about once a week, (4) 2–3 times per week, (5) about once a day, and (6) more than once a day.