Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants by Street Smart Walk Score (N = 5650).
| Characteristics | Total N | Street Smart Walk Score | p | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Car-dependent | Somewhat Walkable | Very Walkable | Walker’s Paradise | |||
| n (%) or n, mean (SD) | ||||||
| All | 5650 | 3796 (67.2 %) | 1069 (18.9 %) | 627 (11.1 %) | 158 (2.8 %) | |
| Age 1 | 0.06 | |||||
| 60–69 | 502 | 327 (65.14 %) | 105 (20.92 %) | 59 (11.75 %) | 11 (2.19 %) | |
| 70–79 | 2293 | 1494 (65.15 %) | 446 (19.45 %) | 276 (12.04 %) | 77 (3.36 %) | |
| 80–89 | 2587 | 1796 (69.42 %) | 468 (18.09 %) | 263 (10.17 %) | 60 (2.32 %) | |
| 90–99 | 268 | 179 (66.79 %) | 50 (18.66 %) | 29 (10.82 %) | 10 (3.73 %) | |
| Race 2 | <0.0001 | |||||
| White | 2808 | 2104 (74.93 %) | 449 (15.99 %) | 206 (7.34 %) | 49 (1.75 %) | |
| Black | 1871 | 1093 (58.42 %) | 400 (21.38 %) | 308 (16.46 %) | 70 (3.74 %) | |
| Ethnicity 2 | <0.0001 | |||||
| Hispanic | 971 | 599 (61.69 %) | 220 (22.66 %) | 113 (11.64 %) | 39 (4.02 %) | |
| Income 2 | 0.002 | |||||
| <$20,000 | 834 | 523 (62.71 %) | 179 (21.46 %) | 107 (12.83 %) | 25 (3.00 %) | |
| $20,000-$34,999 | 1416 | 933 (65.89 %) | 310 (21.89 %) | 135 (9.53 %) | 38 (2.68 %) | |
| $35,000-$49,999 | 1190 | 815 (68.49 %) | 211 (17.73 %) | 137 (11.51 %) | 27 (2.27 %) | |
| $50,000-$74,999 | 1110 | 748 (67.39 %) | 191 (17.21 %) | 134 (12.07 %) | 37 (3.33 %) | |
| >=$75,000 | 863 | 611 (70.80 %) | 138 (15.99 %) | 85 (9.85 %) | 29 (3.36 %) | |
| Education 2 | <0.0001 | |||||
| None through high school diploma | 1131 | 766 (67.73 %) | 224 (19.81 %) | 121 (10.70 %) | 20 (1.77 %) | |
| School after high school | 2162 | 1456 (67.35 %) | 436 (20.17 %) | 226 (10.45 %) | 44 (2.04 %) | |
| College degree or higher | 2324 | 1553 (66.82 %) | 401 (17.25 %) | 278 (11.96 %) | 92 (3.96 %) | |
| Living alone 1 | 2317 | 1456(62.84 %) | 481(20.76 %) | 290(12.52 %) | 90(3.88 %) | <0.0001 |
| Marital status 2 | <0.0001 | |||||
| Never married | 226 | 110 (48.67 %) | 65 (28.76 %) | 39 (17.26 %) | 12 (5.31 %) | |
| Divorced/separated | 1110 | 613 (55.23 %) | 260 (23.42 %) | 186 (16.76 %) | 51 (4.59 %) | |
| Widowed | 966 | 631 (65.32 %) | 181 (18.74 %) | 118 (12.22 %) | 36 (3.73 %) | |
| Presently married/living as married | 3332 | 2433 (73.02 %) | 559 (16.78 %) | 282 (8.46 %) | 58 (1.74 %) | |
| Neighborhood socioeconomic status 3 | 5024 | 3486,74.46 (9.15) | 894,71.12 (10.40) | 497,69.41 (11.35) | 147,67.04 (14.22) | <0.0001 |
| Physical activity level (METs) 1 | 5650 | 3796,417.5 (170.1) | 1069,404.1 (166.7) | 627,408.5 (163.9) | 158,426.6 (179.6) | 0.08 |
| BMI 1 | 0.60 | |||||
| <25 | 1741 | 1163 (66.80 %) | 337 (19.36 %) | 187 (10.74 %) | 54 (3.10 %) | |
| 25–30 | 1912 | 1301 (68.04 %) | 364 (19.04 %) | 200 (10.46 %) | 47 (2.46 %) | |
| >30 | 1997 | 1332 (66.70 %) | 368 (18.43 %) | 240 (12.02 %) | 57 (2.85 %) | |
| Sedentary behavior 1 | 0.20 | |||||
| ≤6 h/day | 1613 | 1086 (67.33 %) | 307 (19.03 %) | 182 (11.28 %) | 38 (2.36 %) | |
| >6–8 h/day | 1010 | 708 (70.10 %) | 161 (15.94 %) | 111 (10.99 %) | 30 (2.97 %) | |
| >8–11 h/day | 1260 | 868 (68.89 %) | 231 (18.33 %) | 122 (9.68 %) | 39 (3.10 %) | |
| >11 h/day | 1093 | 711 (65.05 %) | 220 (20.13 %) | 130 (11.89 %) | 32 (2.93 %) | |
| Self-rated health status 1 | 0.053 | |||||
| Excellent | 530 | 376 (70.94 %) | 89 (16.79 %) | 50 (9.43 %) | 15 (2.83 %) | |
| Very good | 2162 | 1479 (68.41 %) | 374 (17.30 %) | 248 (11.47 %) | 61 (2.82 %) | |
| Good | 2019 | 1354 (67.06 %) | 377 (18.67 %) | 233 (11.54 %) | 55 (2.72 %) | |
| Fair/Poor | 468 | 294 (62.82 %) | 114 (24.36 %) | 46 (9.83 %) | 14 (2.99 %) | |
| Smoking now 1 | 145 | 94 (64.83 %) | 32 (22.07 %) | 14 (9.66 %) | 5 (3.45 %) | 0.62 |
| Alcohol use 1 | 0.23 | |||||
| Never | 1927 | 1281 (66.48 %) | 375 (19.46 %) | 224 (11.62 %) | 47 (2.44 %) | |
| <1 per week | 1784 | 1213 (67.99 %) | 342 (19.17 %) | 185 (10.37 %) | 44 (2.47 %) | |
| 1 or 2 times per week | 545 | 368 (67.52 %) | 89 (16.33 %) | 66 (12.11 %) | 22 (4.04 %) | |
| 3 or 4 times per week | 358 | 245 (68.44 %) | 61 (17.04 %) | 41 (11.45 %) | 11 (3.07 %) | |
| 5 or 6 times per week | 290 | 197 (67.93 %) | 44 (15.17 %) | 37 (12.76 %) | 12 (4.14 %) | |
| Every day | 297 | 217 (73.06 %) | 47 (15.82 %) | 25 (8.42 %) | 8 (2.69 %) | |
| Female hormone use in the past year 1 | 347 | 238 (68.59 %) | 58 (16.71 %) | 39 (11.24 %) | 12 (3.46 %) | 0.50 |
| Depressed mood 1 | 0.75 | |||||
| 0 | 1600 | 1080 (67.50 %) | 301 (18.81 %) | 173 (10.81 %) | 46 (2.88 %) | |
| 1–2 | 1709 | 1168 (68.34 %) | 301 (17.61 %) | 199 (11.64 %) | 41 (2.40 %) | |
| 3–4 | 1027 | 698 (67.96 %) | 193 (18.79 %) | 103 (10.03 %) | 33 (3.21 %) | |
| 5+ | 687 | 453 (65.94 %) | 133 (19.36 %) | 77 (11.21 %) | 24 (3.49 %) | |
| Number of falls in the past 12 months 1 | 0.31 | |||||
| None | 3848 | 2611 (67.85 %) | 717 (18.63 %) | 416 (10.81 %) | 104 (2.70 %) | |
| 1 time | 1163 | 777 (66.81 %) | 216 (18.57 %) | 140 (12.04 %) | 30 (2.58 %) | |
| 2 or more times | 639 | 408 (63.85 %) | 136 (21.28 %) | 71 (11.11 %) | 24 (3.76 %) | |
| Activity of daily living disability (≥1 disability) 1 | 110 | 72 (65.45 %) | 21 (19.09 %) | 17 (15.45 %) | 0 (0.00 %) | 0.17 |
| History of congestive heart failure 1 | 92 | 57 (61.96 %) | 18 (19.57 %) | 12 (13.04 %) | 5 (5.43 %) | 0.38 |
| History of coronary heart disease 1 | 571 | 377 (66.02 %) | 121 (21.19 %) | 60 (10.51 %) | 13 (2.28 %) | 0.45 |
| History of stroke 1 | 178 | 130 (73.03 %) | 29 (16.29 %) | 17 (9.55 %) | 2 (1.12 %) | 0.28 |
| History of diabetes (use of pills or shots) 1 | 1130 | 721 (63.81 %) | 257 (22.74 %) | 111 (9.82 %) | 41 (3.63 %) | 0.0003 |
| History of hypertension 1 | 4036 | 2680 (66.40 %) | 794 (19.67 %) | 457 (11.32 %) | 105 (2.60 %) | 0.04 |
| History of arthritis 1 | 4094 | 2747 (67.10 %) | 786 (19.20 %) | 444 (10.85 %) | 117 (2.86 %) | 0.64 |
| History of cancer 1 | 936 | 597 (63.78 %) | 197 (21.05 %) | 117 (12.50 %) | 25 (2.67 %) | 0.08 |
| History of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 1 | 284 | 183 (64.44 %) | 67 (23.59 %) | 25 (8.80 %) | 9 (3.17 %) | 0.15 |
| History of hip fracture at age ≥ 55 years 1 | 122 | 74 (60.66 %) | 27 (22.13 %) | 20 (16.39 %) | 1 (0.82 %) | 0.10 |
| Number of chronic conditions 1 | 0.005 | |||||
| 0 | 1011 | 694 (68.64 %) | 180 (17.80 %) | 105 (10.39 %) | 32 (3.17 %) | |
| 1 | 1965 | 1335 (67.94 %) | 344 (17.51 %) | 235 (11.96 %) | 51 (2.60 %) | |
| 2 | 1498 | 1006 (67.16 %) | 286 (19.09 %) | 170 (11.35 %) | 36 (2.40 %) | |
| 3+ | 1152 | 753 (65.36 %) | 248 (21v53%) | 113 (9.81 %) | 38 (3.30 %) | |
| Morbidity data missing | 24 | 8 (33.33 %) | 11 (45.83 %) | 4 (16.67 %) | 1 (4.17 %) | |
| Hours accelerometer worn per day | 5650 | 3796,14.78 (1.27) | 1069,14.68 (1.32) | 627,14.85 (1.35) | 158,15.05 (1.38) | 0.002 |
| Daily steps from accelerometer | 5650 | 3796,3724 (3258) | 1069,3598 (3700) | 627,3612 (2200) | 158,4366 (2757) | 0.04 |
| Sedentary time, hours | 5650 | 3796,9.06 (1.56) | 1069,9.06 (1.59) | 627,9.13 (1.62) | 158,9.23 (1.67) | 0.45 |
| Light physical activities, hours | 5650 | 3796,4.84 (1.28) | 1069,4.80 (1.32) | 627,4.88 (1.29) | 158,4.88 (1.31) | 0.65 |
| Moderate/vigorous physical activities, hours | 5650 | 3796,0.87 (0.59) | 1069,0.82 (0.57) | 627,0.84 (0.55) | 158,0.94 (0.62) | 0.02 |
Abbreviations: BMI: body mass index, METs: metabolic equivalent of task.
1
Based on questionnaires collected prior to accelerometry wear (OPACH baseline).
2
Based on questionnaires collected on WHI baseline.
3
Based on 2010 U.S. Census data.