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. 2022 Sep 6;12(9):1390. doi: 10.3390/life12091390

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Fluid movement in normal conditions (A) and abdominal hypertension (B). The physiological movement of fluid is determined by the imbalance between hydrostatic and colloid osmotic pressures. It is best described by the revised Starling equation: J_v = L_pA[(P_c − P_i) − σ(II_c − II_i)], where J_v is net fluid filtration, L_p the capillary hydraulic permeability, A the capillary surface area (which is available for fluids and small molecule filtration), σ the capillary reflection coefficient, P_c the capillary hydrostatic pressure, P_i the interstitial hydrostatic pressure, II_c and II_i the capillary and interstitial colloid osmotic pressures, respectively. Generally, P_c dependent on the differences between the arteriole hydrostatic pressure (P_A) and the venule hydrostatic pressure (P_V). This difference strongly corresponds to the hydraulic resistances in arterioles and venule (R_A and R_V, respectively), which was described by the Pappenheimer Soto-Riviera Equation: P_c = (P_v [R_A/R_V] + P_A)/(1 + [R_A/R_V]). According to this equation, every increase in P_A or P_V, as well as an increase in R_A/R_V (e.g., following intra-abdominal hypertension leading to venous congestion) or increase P_c. Under normal physiological conditions, the sub-glycocalyx colloid osmotic pressure strongly corresponds to interstitial pressure and its value ranges between 70% and 90% of the interstitial colloid pressure. Adapted from Levick et al. [133].

Fluid movement in normal conditions (A) and abdominal hypertension (B). The physiological movement of fluid is determined by the imbalance between hydrostatic and colloid osmotic pressures. It is best described by the revised Starling equation: J_v = L_pA[(P_c − P_i) − σ(II_c − II_i)], where J_v is net fluid filtration, L_p the capillary hydraulic permeability, A the capillary surface area (which is available for fluids and small molecule filtration), σ the capillary reflection coefficient, P_c the capillary hydrostatic pressure, P_i the interstitial hydrostatic pressure, II_c and II_i the capillary and interstitial colloid osmotic pressures, respectively. Generally, P_c dependent on the differences between the arteriole hydrostatic pressure (P_A) and the venule hydrostatic pressure (P_V). This difference strongly corresponds to the hydraulic resistances in arterioles and venule (R_A and R_V, respectively), which was described by the Pappenheimer Soto-Riviera Equation: P_c = (P_v [R_A/R_V] + P_A)/(1 + [R_A/R_V]). According to this equation, every increase in P_A or P_V, as well as an increase in R_A/R_V (e.g., following intra-abdominal hypertension leading to venous congestion) or increase P_c. Under normal physiological conditions, the sub-glycocalyx colloid osmotic pressure strongly corresponds to interstitial pressure and its value ranges between 70% and 90% of the interstitial colloid pressure. Adapted from Levick et al. [133].