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. 2022 Sep 6;12(9):1390. doi: 10.3390/life12091390

Table 2.

Summary of findings of retrospective studies on fluid administration and IAH.

Author Year Population Patients Resuscitation Fluids IAP (mmHg) Intervention Results
Boehm et al. [27] 2019 Burn 38 ACS+ vs. control Average FB/day:
ACS vs. control
13.3 L ± 7.7 L vs. control 7.9 L ± 7.9 L (NS)		 Not reported Not reported ↑ mortality rate of 84% in ACS+ vs. 32% in control (p = 0.00008)
Hershberger et al. [28] 2007 Burn 25 ACS+ Mean fluid infused 2102 mL/h before DL Mean IAP 57 ± 4.2 DL 22 patients (88%) died
Hobsen et al. [29] 2002 Burn n = 1014
10 ACS		 3.1 mL/kg/% TBSA for the first 12 h Mean 40 ± 10 DL 40% of ACS patients survived
Markell et al. [30] 2009 Burn n = 1825
ACS: 32 		6.02 mL/kg/% TBSA >30 DL 90% mortality for ACS
McBeth et al. [31] 2014 Burn 110 48-h FB:
25.6 (± 11.1) L exceeding predicted Parkland formula estimates by
86% (± 32)		 12.1 (± 4.2) 3 patients DL 39 patients died
Park et al. [32] 2012 Burn 159 Pre-protocol 4.6 ± 2.3 mL/kg/% TBS.
Post-protocol: 4.2 ± 1.7 mL/kg/% TBS, mean ± SD; p not significant		 Pre-protocol:
  • -

    10% ACS

Post-protocol:
  • -

    2% ACS

p not significant		 DL, n (%)
Pre-protocol: 6
Post-protocol: 0 (p < 0.05)		 Mortality, n (%)
  • -

    26 (26) vs. 5 (10)

  • -

    (p < 0.01)
Britt et al. [38] 2005 Burn, trauma 10 ACS Mean volume in the first 24 h: 33 L (12.4–69) Mean 44.6 DL
  • -

    Overall mortality 60%

Mortality in DL: 43%
Reed et al. [39] 2006 Trauma, burn, solid organ injury 12 12 L of fluids or >500 mL/h for 4 consecutive hours Average before and after catheter insertion 44.8 and 58.7 2 patients DL,
8 patients intra-abdominal catheters		 7 patients survived
Gracias et al. [54] 2002 Trauma 5 ACS vs. 15 control ACS: 37 L crystalloid vs.
Control: 16.1 L crystalloid		 >25 Decompression 60% in ACS vs. 7% in control
Balogh et al. [53] 2003 Trauma 71 N vs. 85 SN SN vs. LR infusion:
  • -

    mean ± SD 13 ± 2 L vs. 7 ± 1 L (p < 0.05)

 SN vs. LR:
  • -

    IAH 42% vs. 20% (p < 0.05)

  • -

    ACS 16% vs. 8% (p < 0.05)

 Not reported Mortality SN vs. LR:
27% vs. 11% (p < 0.05)
He et al. [55] 2019 Trauma 455 pts (44 IAH; 5 ACS) Volume of IV fluids over 24 h: 3.965 ± 739 mL Mean IAP 24.4 ± 8.5 DL
  • -

    Mortality in DL 15%

  • -

    Mortality in ACS 40%
Hwabejire et al. [56] 2016 Trauma n = 1976 of which
122 ACS 		Total fluid/kg:
  • -

    ACS+ 498 ± 268 mL/kg vs.

    ACS- 293 ± 171 mL/kg (p < 0.001)

 Not reported 98.4% DL ACS+: 37.7% vs. ACS-: 14.6% (p < 0.001)
Rise in ACS risk after total volume + 1302 mL/kg
Joseph et al. [57] 2014 Trauma 799
  • -

    DL in 151 patients

  • -

    Mean crystalloids in ACS after DL 23 L

  • -

    4 patients with ACS after DL

 18 patients ACS DL in 18.9%
  • -

    Overall mortality: 14.5%

  • -

    ACS mortality: 55.6%

  • -

    DL mortality: 47%
Macedo et al. [58] 2016 Trauma 10
  • -

    Average crystalloid intraoperatively: 12.8 ± 8.2 L (range 3–30 L)

  • -

    Mean U RCC: 25.6 ± 16.31 U (9–53)

  • -

    Mean U FFP 13.5 ± 10.6 U (4–36)

  • -

    Mean U platelets:11.5 ± 9.4 U (0–30)

 Not reported DL 60% overall mortality
Shaheen et al. [62] 2016 Trauma 28 >10 U of RCC in 24 h 60.7% developed ACS Not reported - 30-day mortality was 32.1%
Madigan et al. [59] 2008 Trauma ACS (n = 48) vs.
control (n = 48)		 Net fluid for DC until 48 h post-admission was 18.2 L vs. 5.1 L (p < 0.0001) Not reported DL Mortality 60% ACS vs. 2% controls (p < 0.0001)
Maxwell et al. [60] 1999 Trauma 46 Mean 19 ± 5 L crystalloid
29 ± 10 U RCC		 Mean: 33± 3 DL 67% mortality
Rodas et al. [61] 2005 Trauma 5 Crystalloid: 15 ± 1.7 L
Blood: 11 ± 0.4 U		 NR DL No mortality
Strang et al. [75] 2015 Trauma 567
509 no IAH
58 IAH		 No IAH: 4.2 L Crystalloid vs. IAH: 6 L crystalloid; no IAH: 1.5 L colloids vs. IAH: 2.5 L colloids; no IAH: 2 U RCC vs. IAH: 17 U 30 patients ACS NR IAH: 25.9% vs. 12.2% no IAH; p = 0.012).
Zaydfudim et al. [69] 2010 Trauma 39 pre-TEP vs. 36 TEP Pre-TEP: 12 U RCC vs. TEP: 12.5 U RCC
Pre-TEP: 4 U FFP, vs. TEP: 8 U FFP;
p < 0.01
Pre-TEP: 1 U platelets vs. TEP: 2 U platelets; p < 0.01
Pre-TEP: 6 L of crystalloids vs. TEP: 4 L crystalloids; p < 0.01		 20% ACS in pre-TEP vs. 0% ACS in TEP NR pre-TEP cohort: 31% 30-day survival TEP cohort: 53% 30-day survival
Cothren et al. [106] 2007 Surgical & Medical patients 54 patients Total fluid resuscitation before DL:
  • -

    Medical patients: 18.5 ± 1.8 L vs.

  • -

    Surgical patients: 16 ± 1.5 L (NS)

Total transfusion of RCC: Medical: 3.7 ± 1.8 U vs. Surgical: 14.5 ± 2 U (p = 0.006)		 Medical: 33.5 ± 1.1 vs.
  • -

    Surgical: 32.8 ± 1.8

 DL MOF:
  • -

    Medical patients: 62% vs. Surgical patients: 27% (p < 0.05)

Mortality:
  • -

    Medical patients: 54% vs. Surgical patients: 34%
Cordemans et al. [78] 2012 ALI 57 PAL vs.
57 control		 Cumulative FB after 1 week
8.027 ± 5.254 mL/day vs.
−1.451 ± 7.761 (p < 0.001)		 IAP at baseline:
PAL: 10 ± 4.2
Control: 8 ± 3.7 (p = 0.013)		 PAL treatment
  • -

    Overall mortality 38.6% (n = 44)

  • -

    49.1% in control vs. 28.1% PAL (p = 0.034)
Pupelis et al. [44] 2012 Pancreatitis 130 patients
75 CVVH
55 control		 Not reported CVVH: 19.6 ± 7.1
Control: 16.3 ± 5.5 p = 0.05		 DL n = 36 11.7% CVVH and 13.8% no CVVH NS
Struck et al. [79] 2012 TEN 29 patients
5 ACS		 + FB 4.6 ± 1.2 L 33 ± 7 DL Mortality: ACS+ 100% vs. ACS- 0%
Aik-Yong et al. [105] 2014 Surgical & medical patients 17 patients:
14 primary ACS
3 secondary ACS 		>3.5 L in 24 h DL Overall mortality 47.1%
McNelis et al. [99] 2002 Surgery 22 ACS vs. 22 control 24-h FB:
ACS: 15.9 ± 10.3 L vs.
Control: 7 ± 3.5 L (p < 0.05)		 Not reported Not reported Mortality: 66.7% in ACS vs. none in control
Rubenstein et al. [89] 2015 rAAA
open repair.
44 pts (60%)
EVAR:
29 pts (40%)		 73 Intraoperative fluid higher in EVAR patients ACS+ vs. ACS-
  • -

    RCC: 5600 mL vs. 1100 mL (p < 0.0001)

  • -

    Total blood products 9300 vs. 1500 mL (p < 0.001)

  • -

    Crystalloid 11200 vs. 4500 mL (p < 0.001)

 ACS% 34% in open21% in EVARp not significant DL Overall mortality 42%:
  • -

    31% EVAR

  • -

    48% open repair

Mortality:
  • -

    ACS+: 62% vs. 33% ACS–(p = 0.022)
Leclerc et al. [98] 2017 rAAA 47 ACS+: 5.250 (4.625; 9.375) L
ACS-: 4.125 (2.925; 5.500) L (p = 0.053)		 8 patients developed ACS 30-day mortality in ACS+ higher (p = 0.108)
Miranda et al. [88] 2018 rAAA 25
  • -

    36% received ≥ 3 U RCC preoperatively and intraoperatively.

  • -

    36% received ≥ 3 L of crystalloid.

  • -

    All of those who developed ACS received more than 3 U RCC; 67% received >3 L of crystalloid

 12% (n = 3) developed ACS
  • -

    Overall mortality rate: 28%

  • -

    Mortality rate in ACS: 67%

FB: fluid balance; pts: patients; ACS+: with abdominal compartment syndrome; ACS-: without abdominal compartment syndrome; TBSA: total body surface area; DL: decompressive laparotomy; EVAR: endovascular aortic repair, NS: not significant; rAAA: ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms; U: units; RCC: Red cell concentrate; PAL: peep-albumin-Lasix; CVVH: continuous veno-venous hemofiltration; S: surgical; M: medical; SN: supranormal resuscitation group; LR: lactated ringer infusion; d: day.