. 2022 Aug 28;12(9):806. doi: 10.3390/metabo12090806

Table 3.

Modification of composition and/or bioactivity determined in Agave salmiana by different treatments.

Treatments	Conditions	Effects	Reference
Micropropagation	In vitro of plants from young germinated plantlets by axillary shoots.	Wild plants showed the highest phenolic content (13.06 mg EGA g⁻¹). The antioxidant capacity was higher in vitro (369.84 µmol TE g⁻¹ DW) than in normal ex vitro conditions (184.13 µmol TE g⁻¹ DW) and with ex vitro irrigation (143.38 µmol TE g⁻¹ DW) and than in wild conditions (130.39 μmol TE g⁻¹ DW). Glycosylated flavanols were detected in plants with ex vitro irrigation (quercetin) and under normal ex vitro conditions (kaempferol). Saponins were detected: hecogenin (0.418–5.227 mg EHe g⁻¹), tigogenin (18.821–31 mg EHe g⁻¹), mannogenin (0.288–0.861 mg EHe g⁻¹), and chlorogenin (0.339–2.042 mg EHe g⁻¹).	[47]
	Micropropagation was from axillary shoots. Leaf tissue samples were taken from the in vitro plants, ex vitro acclimated plants obtained from open environment conditions, and plants obtained from a natural population.	The total phenolic acids were 35 and 40% higher in plants propagated in vitro (11.8 mg GAE g⁻¹ DW) and ex vitro (10.8 mg GAE g⁻¹ DW), compared with the wild type (7 mg GAE g⁻¹ DW). The saponin content of plants in vitro (77.1 mg PE g⁻¹ DW) and ex vitro (63.3 mg PE g⁻¹ DW) were higher than those of wild type plants (2.1 mg PE g⁻¹ DW). The antioxidant capacity (ORAC) of the plants in vitro (369 μmol TE g⁻¹ DW) was higher compared to ex vitro and wild type (184 and 146 μmol TE g⁻¹ DW, respectively).	[45]
	Hydrometanolic extraction was applied to the foliar tissues and the content of flavonols and saponins was analyzed.	The plants propagated in vitro presented a higher concentration of flavonols and saponins, quantifying 7 flavanols and 5 saponins. Herbacetin (most abundant flavonol found): wild plants (14.7 mg 100 g⁻¹ DW), in vitro (16.3 mg 100 g⁻¹ DW), in an open environment (38.4 mg 100 g⁻¹). Tigogenin (most abundant saponin found and only detected in plants propagated): in vitro with 6895.2 mgPE 100 g⁻¹ DW and 4997.8 mgPE 100 g⁻¹ DW.	[48]
In vitro drought stress effect, generated by polyethylene glycol.	Stress medium: Murashige and Skoog (4.4 g L⁻¹, pH 5.8, 30 g L⁻¹ sucrose, and L2 vitamins) with polyethylene-glycol (0, 10, 20, 30%, 27 °C, photoperiod of 12:12 h light:dark, 60 days).	Plants grown with polyethylene glycol (30%) showed the lowest flavonol content, but the highest saponin content (tigogenin glycoside, 163 mg PE g⁻¹ DW) and the highest antioxidant capacity (ORAC) (≈1000 mmol TE g⁻¹ DW).	[49]
Ultrasonically-assisted supercritical fluid extraction (USFE).	Bagasse of Agave salmiana (part not indicated; 10 g). Process factors were pressure (150–450 bar), temperature (40–60 °C), and amount of co-solvent (5–10%).	Increased antioxidant capacity (FRAP) with the use of multiplate (US) transducer geometry of extracts at 20.91 μmol TE g⁻¹ and saponin content at 61.59 μg g⁻¹; comparing with the cylinder geometry (with 12.18 TE g⁻¹ and 19.05 μg g⁻¹, respectively).	[46]