Table 5.

Composition and/or bioactivity determined in oat (Avena sativa L.).

Crop	Compounds and/or Products	Conditions of Bioactivity Detected	Bioactivity	Reference
Oat (no variety reported)	Oat bran concentrate containing 43% β-glucan.	Oat β-glucan hydrolysate was prepared by adding Celluclast (840 EGU g−1) to oat bran concentrate suspension (6.25% (w/v), 50 °C, pH 4.8).	Anti-cholesterol activity: reduced rat serum triglycerides, reduced weight gain, high-density cholesterol (HDL-C) in serum increased up to 42–62% and reduced low-density cholesterol (LDL) by 25–31%.	[89]
Oat (Derby variety)	β-glucan	Two β-glucan extracts were separately added to test solutions at concentrations of 0.1–0.5% (w/w). β-glucan fractions: 78.5% (E3, E4) content of extracts (w/w).	Decreased intestinal absorption of fatty acids (18:2 mainly). Inhibition of postprandial rise in glucose and insulin.	[90]
Oat (no variety reported)	β-glucan	Consumption in pigs of 3 and 6% in the diet.	Net glucose absorption reduction from 22 to 51%, relative to the intake percentage.	[91]
Oat (Avena sativa L.)	β-glucan	Dosage of 2000 mg kg−1 in reduction of hyperglycemia. Intake dose of 70 mg mL−1 for 6 weeks for enzyme inhibition.	Reduction of hyperglycemia. Inhibition of intestinal enzymes, sucrase (70.72%), maltase (83.33%) and lactase (89.43%), in diabetic mice. Similar protective effect to the diabetic mice as metformin (1% w/v metformin solution).	[92]
Oat (no variety reported)	β-glucan	Extract viscosity of 3 mPa, with the presence of starch of 40 g.	Glucose absorption reduction.	[93]
Oat (no variety reported)	β-glucan	Consumption of 3 g d−1 of oat or barley β-glucan is sufficient to decrease blood cholesterol.	There was a significant inverse relation in total cholesterol (−0.60 mmol L−1, −0.85 to −0.34), low−density lipoprotein (−0.66 mmol L−1, −0.96 to −0.36), and triglyceride/triacylglycerol (−0.04 mmol L−1, −0.15 to 0.07) after consumption of β-glucan.	[94]
Oat (Avena sativa L.)	Extract avenanthramides (EA) is: 6.07% N-(3′,4′-dihydroxycinamoyl)-5-hydroxyanthranilic acid, 4.37% N-(4′-hydroxycinnamoyl)-5-hydroxyanthranilic acid, 4.37% N-(4′-hydroxycinnamoyl)-5-hydroxyanthranilic acid, and 5.36% N-(4′-hydroxy-3′-methoxycinnamoyl)-5-hydroxyanthranilic acid. Phenols: vanillic acid (0.60%), caffeic acid (0.50%), syringic acid (0.54%), p-coumaric acid (0.16%), ferulic acid (0.08%), and sinapic acid (0.03%).	Mice in three experimental groups were (7th week) given EA at 250, 500, and 1000 mg (kg body weight)−1 d−1 by intragastric gavage (2 weeks). Mice were sacrificed and the liver was collected and stored until analysis.	Antioxidant effect against oxidative stress induced by D-galactose (50 mg kg−1 DW d−1) in mice, noted by increased antioxidant enzyme activity (dose-dependent mode) and the regulation of antioxidant gene expression.	[95]
Oat (no variety reported)	β-glucan (low molecular weight)	Concentration of 400 μg mL−1.	Deceased cancer cells viability (human pigmented malignant melanoma (Me45) and the human epidermoid carcinoma A431 cell line), while for the normal cells it was non-toxic.	[96]
Oat (no variety reported)	β-glucan	β-glucan (200 µg mL−1) with electroporation.	Antitumor activity due to decreased cell viability (human melanoma cell line (Me45)) of 12.5%. Not present toxic effects on normal cells.	[97]
Oat (no variety reported)	β-glucan (high and low molecular weight).		Decreased viability of cancer cells (human lung A549, H69AR) (about 50% decrease at 200 µg mL−1).	[98]
Oat (Avena sativa L.)	Avenantramide	100 μL of Lactobacillus acidophilus was added to finely powdered oats (solution 1 g/50 mL water) for fermented oats. And control was measured (non-fermented).	In vitro studies revealed that fermented and non-fermented oats displayed higher antioxidant activity, having a corresponding IC50 value of 201.03 μL and 236.46 μL, respectively. The colon cancer cell (HT29) death percentage, varied in the range of 41.81% and 87.48%, with the highest cytotoxic activity being for non-fermented oats (25 µg mL−1).	[99]