Table 1.

Published clinical studies applying FMT in autoimmune diseases. The table summarizes recently published clinical studies in which human donor stool was applied to ameliorate the onset, slowdown the progression or suppress the symptoms of autoimmune diseases, namely celiac disease, multiple sclerosis, psoriatic arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjogren’s syndrome and type I diabetes. The table summarizes the main outcomes of FMT application and highlights interesting outcome results.

Disorder	Main Outcome	Outcome Details	References
Celiac disease	Successful	Cured Clostridioides difficile infection. Mitigation of symptoms of celiac disease.	[25]
Multiple sclerosis	Potential but more research is necessary	A donor-specific alteration of gut microbiota. No statistically significant changes of pro-inflammatory regulatory cytokines.	[13]
Multiple sclerosis	Potential but more research is necessary	An increase in short chain fatty acids (SCFA) genomic pathways post-FMT. A positive correlation between the abundance of microbial SCFA pathway gene content and serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Species Faecalibacterium prausnitzii elevated. Butyrate, propionate, total SCFA and total-butyrate-to-total SCFA ratio concentrations increased in 2 out of 5 post-FMT measurements.	[26]
Psoriatic arthritis	Potential but more research is necessary	Acceptable and safe FMT application. No life-threatening effects.	[12]
Psoriatic arthritis	Failed	Health assessment questionnaire disability index improved more in the placebo group compared with the FMT group.	[27]
Rheumatoid arthritis	Successful	Successfully cured with FMT. A decrease in rheumatoid factor, disease activity score-28 and improvement of the health assessment questionnaire Disability Index.	[11]
Sjogren’s syndrome	Failed	A donor-specific alterations of gut microbiota. However, microbiota of recipients still significantly different from donors. No significant changes before and after the treatment within recipient samples. Despite this, improved symptoms in 50% of study respondents.	[28]
Type 1 diabetes	Potential but more research is necessary	Type I diabetes progression slowed down. Stimulated C peptide levels were preserved in the autologous FMT group compared with healthy donor FMT group. Small intestinal Prevotella was inversely related to residual beta cell function.	[29]