Table 2.
Virus isolations or the molecular detection of BATV in mosquitoes and serological detections of BATV in mammalian hosts in Europe.
| Date | Location | Species | Seroprevalence (%) | Virus Isolated (Y/N) |
Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1960 | Čalovo, south Slovakia |
An. maculipennis | n/a | Y (Čalovo virus) | [29] |
| 1960–1963 | Southern Finland | Cows | 0.9 | N | [25] |
| Cows (in defined area) |
25 | ||||
| Humans | 0.5 | ||||
| 1963 | Southern Moravia (Czech Republic) | An. maculipennis s.l. | n/a | Y (Čalovo virus) | [30] |
| 1964 | South Moravia, Czech Republic | Horses | 27.9 | N | [65] |
| Cattle | 25.2 | ||||
| Pigs | 17.4 | ||||
| 1966 | Austria |
An. maculipennis s.l.; Coquillettidia richiardii |
n/a | Y (Čalovo virus) | [50,51] |
| 1967 | Eastern Austria | Wild boar | 33.3 | N | [66] |
| Roe deer | 70 | ||||
| Horses | 100 * | ||||
| 1969 | Southern Portugal | Cattle and sheep | 2 | N | [35] |
| 1969 | Northeast Croatia (former Yugoslavia) |
An. maculipennis s.l. | n/a | Y (Čalovo virus) | [52] |
| 1971 | Olkya, Western Ukraine | An. maculipennis s.l.; Ae. punctor | n/a | Y (Olkya strain) | [10,11] |
| 1971 | Romania | Cattle | 46 | N | [67] |
| Sheep | 41 | ||||
| 1975 | South Slovakia | An. maculipennis | n/a | Y (Čalovo virus) | [53] |
| 1976 | Norway ** | An. claviger | n/a | Y | [48] |
| 1977 | Zberoaia, Western Moldova |
An. maculipennis s.l. | n/a | Y | [54] |
| 1985 | Central Sweden | Ae. communis | n/a | Y | [45] |
| 1986–1991 | Northern Bohemia and southern Moravia, Czech Republic |
Roe deer | 24 | N | [68] |
| Red deer | 29 | ||||
| Fallow deer | 25 | ||||
| Moufflon | 50 | ||||
| Wild boar | 33 | ||||
| Wild hare | 13 | ||||
| 2002 | South Moravia, Czech Republic |
Wild boar | 1.1 | N | [37] |
| 2002 | Central Bohemia, Czech Republic |
Human | 1.4 | N | [26] |
| 2008 | Northeast Italy | An maculipennis s.l. | n/a | N | [32] |
| 2009 | Northwest Italy | An. maculipennis s.l. | n/a | Y | [14] |
| 2009 | Southwest Germany | An. maculipennis s.l. | n/a | Y | [15] |
| 2011 | Karlsruhe, Southwest Germany |
Bovines | 0.55 | N | [23] |
| 2011 | Northern Italy | Bovines | 7.0 | N | [22] |
| 2012 | Brandenburg, Germany |
Culiseta sp. | n/a | Y | [31] |
| 2013 | Brandenburg, Germany |
Cx. pipiens s.l | n/a | Y | [31] |
| 2013 | Saxony-Anhalt, Germany |
An. messeae; An. daciae; Cx. pipiens s.l.; Cx. modestus; Ae. vexans |
n/a | Y | [31] |
| 2013–2015 | Saxony-Anhalt, Germany |
Goat | 38.8 | N | [24] |
| Brandenburg, Germany |
Goat | 38.6 | N | ||
| Saxony, Germany | Goat | 28.4 | N | ||
| 2016 | Saxony-Anhalt, Germany |
Sheep | 44.7 | N | [24] |
| Bovines | 36.4 | ||||
| 2016 | Northern Germany | Harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) |
nd | Y | [39] |
| 2018 | Saxony-Anhalt, Germany |
Goat | 18.3 | N | [36] |
| Sheep | 16.5 | ||||
| Cattle | 41.4 |
Ae, Aedes; An, anopheles; Cx, Culex; nd, not detailed; n/a, not applicable; * 2/2 horses tested were positive for antibodies against Čalovo virus; ** identified as a Bunyamwera group virus.