Table 1.
Overview of probiotic effects on fish health or against aquaculture pathogenic bacteria.
| Aquatic Specie | Probiotic | Pathogen or Challenge | Clinical Impact | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oreochromis niloticus | Mixture of LAB | Trichodina sp. | Improved growth rate and antiparasitic activity | [43] |
| Cyprinus carpio | Pediococcus pentosaceus | Aeromonas hydrophila | Probiotic increases digestive enzyme activity; enhancement of growth rate and immune response; resistance against bacterial infection | [44] |
| Litopenaeus vannamei | Mix of commercial probiotics (e.g., Bacillus spp., Lactobacillus spp., Saccharomyces spp.) | Not evaluated | The probiotics did not change water quality or growth parameters when compared with control group | [45] |
| Salmonids | Vibrio alginolyticus |
A. salmonicida,
V. anguillariim, V. ordalii |
Pathogen inhibition | [46] |
| Salmo salar | Tetraselmis suecica |
A. salmonicida, S. liquefaciens, V. anguillariim, V. salmonicida, Y. ruckeri |
Suppress pathogen growth | [47] |
| Salmo tutta | Lactococcus lactis, Leuconostoc mesenteroides | Aeromonas salmonicida | Higher survival rate | [48] |
| Mystus cavasius | Saccharomyces cerevisiae | Pseudomonas fluorescens | Better weight gain, low mortality; resistance against tested pathogen | [49,50] |
| Labeo rohita | Probiotic mixture (Bacillus subtilis, Pediococcus acidilactici, yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and symbiotics (Bifidobacterium, Lactobacilli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, microalgae Spirulina sp., phytase) | Not evaluated | Better survival and growth rate; probiotic action is best if administered to developing fish in their first days | [50] |
| Litopenaeus vannamei | Bacillus subtilis | Not evaluated | Significant secretion of hepatopancreatic metabolites; expression of genes linked to antioxidant enzymes | [51] |
| Oreochromis niloticus | Aspergillus oryzae | Aeromonas hydrophila | Improvement of immune response and growth rate | [52] |
| Oreochromis niloticus | Lactobacillus plantarum L-137 | Exposition to deltamethrin toxicity | Reduction of the toxicity | [52] |
| Pagrus major | Pediococcus pentosaceus | Not evaluated | Increased weight gain, mucus secretion, growth rate, bacterial resistance, and blood parameters | [53] |
| Pagrus major | Lactobacillus plantarum | Not evaluated | Immunostimulant property (innate defenses) | [54] |
| Pagrus major | Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactococcus lactis | Not evaluated | Better growth, feed utilization, serum lysozyme activity, bactericidal property, and lower triglycerides and cholesterol | [55] |
| Oreochromis niloticus | Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis | Not evaluated | Enhanced immunological parameters (hematocrit, total leukocytes count, monocytes, and globulin), improved growth and feed utilization | [56] |
| Oreochromis niloticus | Lactobacillus sp., Bacillus sp., Bifidobacterium sp. (probiotic mixture) | Not evaluated | Antimicrobial activity, better growth rate | [57] |
| Oreochromis niloticus | Lactobacillus plantarum | Enterococcus faecalis | Modulation of gut microbiota, immune response, and resistance against pathogenic bacteria | [58] |
| Atlantic salmon | Candida utilis | Chlorella vulgaris | Counteracts intestinal inflammation | [59] |
| Salmon salar | Lactic acid bacteria | Aeromonas salmonicida | Higher mortality | [60] |
|
Gadus morhua (Atlantic cod), |
Carnobacterium divergens | V. anguillarum | Disease resistance | [61] |
| Cyprinus carpio | Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Aeromonas hydrophila | Antioxidant and immune action; better infection control with probiotic treatment | [62] |
| Oreochromis mossambicus | Bacillus licheniformis Dahb1 (105 and 107) | Aeromonas hydrophilain | Weight and specific growth rate improvement; high mucosal activity of enzymes; resistance to the infection | [63] |
| Pangasius hypophthalmus | Bacillus licheniformis | Vibrio parahaemolyticus | Increased immune, antioxidant and growth parameters; protected against infection | [64] |
| Ctenopharynodon idellus | Bacillus subtilis | Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas punctata, Edwardsiella ictaluri, Aeromonas punctate, Vibrio flurialis and Streptococcus agalactiae | Inhibitory activity against all pathogenic bacteria tested | [65] |
| Cyprinus carpio | Paenibacillus polymyxa | Aeromonas hydrophila | Improved survival rate and immune response; disease resistance against pathogenic bacteria tested | [66] |
| Litopenaeus vannamei | Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus tequilensis, Enterococcus faecalis | Not evaluated | Significant difference in growth rate, weight gain, and survival | [67] |
| Acipenser baerii | Lactobacillus spp. Bacillus subtilis, Bifidobacterium bifidum (probiotics mixture) | Not evaluated | Immunity and growth improvement | [68] |
| Oreochromis niloticus | Bacillus licheniformis | Streptococcus iniae | Better survival rate | [69] |
| Heteropnuestes fossilis | Bacillus subtilis | Aeromonas hydrophila and Aphanomyces invadans | Bacterial treatment leads to a health improvement; fungi treatment does not | [70] |
| Oncorhynchus mykiss | Lactobacillus rhamnosus | Yersinia ruckeri | Improved growth rate, immune response, and antioxidant activity; pathogen inhibition | [71] |
| Litopenaeus vannamei | Lactobacillus plantarum and galactooligosaccharide (symbiotic) | Vibrio harveyi and Photobacterium damselae | Improvement in growth and health parameters; infection control; significant changes in intestinal microbiota of shrimp | [72] |
| Salmonids | Carnobacterium Inhibens K1 | Vibrio anguillarum, Aeromonas salmonicida | Suppress pathogen growth | [73] |
| Oreochromis niloticus and Cyprinus carpio | Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus brevi | Vibrio sp., Staphylococcus sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enterica, Listeria monocytogenes | Antimicrobial action | [74] |
| Cyclopterus lumpus | Aliivibrio sp. | Moritella viscosa (contamination) | Resistance against infection caused by M. viscosa; low incidence of mortality and ulcers | [75] |
| Oreochromis niloticus | Bacillus velezensis, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens | Aeromonas hydrophila | Improvement of immune response; antimicrobial activity | [76] |
| Paralichthys olivaceus |
Bacillus sp. and β-glucan (symbiotic) |
Edwardsiella tarda | Strain has significant antimicrobial activity; symbiotic effect improved growth performance; resistance against tested pathogen (antibiotic replacement) | [77] |
| Apostichopus japonicus | Metschnikowia sp. | Not evaluated | High activity of lysozyme, total nitric oxide synthase, trypsin, and phenoloxidase | [78] |
| Lates calcarifer | Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus pentosus, Lactobacillus fermentum, Enterococcus faecium, Bacillus subtilis, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae | Aeromonas hydrophila | The probiotic mixture improved growth and health status of Asian Seabass | [79] |
| Oplegnathus fasciatus | Bacillus subtilis E20 | Vibrio alginolyticus | Better growth rate and immune response; pathogen resistance | [80] |
| Salmon salar | Pediococcus acidilactici | IPN virus | Antiviral response | [81] |
| Pangasius bocourti | Bacillus aerius B81 | Aeromonas hydrophila, Streptococcus agalactiae | Antimicrobial effect against tested pathogens, high immune response | [82] |
| Oreochromis niloticus | Lactobacillus plantarum | Environmental challenges | High mucosal immune response | [83] |
| Oncorhynchus mykiss | Lactobacillus acidophilus | Lactococcus garvieae | Better growth rate, digestive enzyme production, resistance against tested pathogen | [84] |
| Cyprinus carpio |
Lactobacillus casei, β-glucan and mannan oligosaccharide (symbiotic) |
Aeromonas hydrophila | Symbiotic improves the digestibility; elevation in important enzymes (lipase, amylase, trypsin, and protease); low mortality | [85] |
| Haliotis midae | Vibrio midae | Not evaluated | Increase in growth performance and survival rate | [86] |
| Labeo rohita | Bacillus sp. | Aeromonas hydrophila | Improved hematological serum an immunological parameter | [87] |
| Oncorhynchus mykiss | Gordonia bronchialis | Not evaluated | Enhanced growth performance | [88] |
| Penaeus indicus | Bacillus subtilis |
Bacillus sp., Pseudomonas sp., Vibrio sp., Micrococcus sp. |
High bacteriocin production; diet with bacteriocin enhances shrimp growth; antibiotic potentials (well diffusion method) | [89] |
| Salmon salar | Carnobacterium divergens |
Aeromonas salmonicida,
Vibrio anguillarum |
Prevent pathogen-induced damage | [90] |
| Salmon salar | Methylococcus capsulatus | Not evaluated | No inflammation with soybean meal | [91] |
| Oncorhynchus mykiss | Enterococcus casseliflavus | Streptococcus iniae | Elevated digestive enzyme activity, humoral immunity (IgM), total serum protein, and albumin production | [92] |
| Salmon salar | Lactobacillus delbruckii | Aeromonas salmonicida | Prevent pathogen damage | [93] |
| Oreochromis niloticus | Bacillus sp. | Aeromonas hydrophila, Micrococcus luteus, Pseudomonas fuorescence, Enterococcus faecalis, and Streptococcus agalactiae | Probiotic potential (resistance to adverse stomach condition, production of important enzymes) | [94] |
| Etroplus suratensis and Oreochromis Mossambicus | Bacillus sp., Micrococcus sp. | Not evaluated | Better growth performance and nutritional efficiency | [95] |
| Danio rerio | Bacillus subtilis (transgenic probiotic) | Not evaluated | The transgenic probiotic (phytase) can improve fish nutrition | [96] |
| Dicentrarchus labrax | Vibrio lentus | Not evaluated | Immunomodulation and activation of genes associated to cell proliferation | [97] |
| Oreochromis niloticus | Bacillus amyloliquefaciens | Yersinia ruckeri, Clostridium perfringens | Improved immune status (IL-1 and TNF-α mRNA) and disease resistance | [98] |
| Litopenaeus vannamei | Enterococcus faecium and Lactobacillus pentosus | Vibrio harveyi, Vibrio parahaemolyticus | High antibacterial activity and survival rate; improved humoral immune response | [99] |
| Oncorhynchus mykiss | Lactobacillus plantarum | Yersinia ruckeri | High activity of lysozyme and alkaline phosphatase; no interference in the production of immunological proteins | [100] |
| Oreochromis niloticus | Enterococcus faecium | Aeromonas hydrophila | Better growth rate and immune defenses | [101] |
| Oreochromis niloticus | Bacillus sp. | Streptococcosis (Streptococcus agalactiae) | Controlled the Streptococcosis caused by pathogenic bacteria tested | [102] |
| Rutilus caspicus | Enterococcus faecium | Aeromonas hydrophila, Yersinia ruckeri | Better growth rate, immune response, and pathogen resistance | [103] |
| Ictalurus punctatus | Bacillus velezensis | Not evaluated | Induction of growth in fingerling and water quality improvement | [104] |
| Litopenaeus vannamei | Bacillus subtilis | Not evaluated | Better growth performance and feed utilization | [105] |
| Carassius auratus | Enterococcus faecium | Aeromonas hydrophila | High survival rate as a result of E. faecium probiotic proprieties; quorum sense potential | [106] |
| Atlantic salmon | Pediococcus acidilactici | Improvements in the gut health | [107] | |
| Oncorhynchus mykiss | Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus buchneri, Saccharomyces cerevisiae (probiotics mixture) | Not evaluated | Immunity improvement | [108] |
| Danio rerio | Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Vibrio parahaemolyticus | Reduced mortality, inhibited biofilm, high level of phagocytic cells, superoxide dismutase activity, and lysozyme | [109] |
| Oreochromis niloticus | Bacillus cereus, Alcaligenes faecalis | Environmental challenges | High production of immune proteins and decrease of phosphorus water concentration | [110] |
| Ctenopharyngodon idellus | Shewanella xiamenensis and Aeromonas veronii | Aeromonas hydrophila | Enhancement of phagocytic, lysozyme activity, and expression of immune genes | [111] |
| Rhamdia quelen | Lactococcus lactis | Aeromonas hydrophila, Streptococcus agalactiae | Antimicrobial activity against tested pathogens | [112] |
| Carassius auratus | Bacillus velezensis | Aeromonas hydrophila | Improved survival rate and immune response | [113] |
| Nile tilapia | Probiotic mixture | Aluminum exposition | Probiotics regulated gut microbiota structure and function | [114] |
| Oreochromis niloticus | Lactobacillus plantarum | Aluminum intoxication | Enhanced feed utilization and growth; decreased deaths caused by aluminum and its accumulation | [115] |
| Ctenopharyngodon idellus | Bacillus paralicheniformis | Not evaluated | High adhesion and colonization capacity | [116] |