Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of women participating in the DALI Vitamin D trial.
| Vitamin D N = 79 |
Placebo N = 75 | p | Total N = 154 | Excluded N = 33 | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | |||
| Age (year) | 32.8 (5.4) | 32.2 (5.2) | ns | 32.5 (5.3) | 33.5 (4.6) | ns |
| Height (cm) | 165.1 (6.6) | 164.7 (7.4) | ns | 164.9 (7.0) | 163.2 (4.9) | ns |
| Pre-pregnancy weight (kg) | 92.0 (13.8) | 90.3 (13.4) | ns | 91.2 (13.7) | 91.4 (16.1) | ns |
| Pre pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 33.7 (4.3) | 33.3 (4.3) | ns | 33.5 (4.3) | 34.3 (6.0) | ns |
| Weight gain until 1st visit (kg) | 2.3 (4.8) | 1.3 (3.4) | ns | 1.8 (4.2) | 2.4 (3.5) | ns |
| Gestational week at enrollment (weeks) | 15.0 (2.9) | 15.4 (2.5) | ns | 15.2 (2.7) | 15.3 (2.8) | ns |
| N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | |||
| European descent | 72/79 (91.1) | 59/75 (78.7%) | <0.05 | 131/154 (85.1) | 30/33 (90.9) | ns |
| Higher education | 50/78 (64.1) | 45/75 (60.0) | ns | 95/153 (62.1) | 18/33 (54.5) | ns |
| Multiparity | 48/79 (60.8) | 46/75 (61.3) | ns | 94/154 (61.0) | 21/33 (63.6) | ns |
| Diabetes in family | 12/79 (15.2) | 17/75 (22.7) | ns | 29/154 (18.8) | 11/32 (34.4) | ns |
| History of GDM | 7/46 (15.2) | 7/46 (15.2) | ns | 14/92 (15.2) | 4/19 (21.1) | ns |
| Previous unexplained stillbirth | 5/45 (13.3) | 3/46 (6.5) | ns | 9/91 (9.9) | 2/19 (10.5) | ns |
| History of malformation | 4/47 (8.5) | 1/45 (2.2) | ns | 5/92 (5.4) | 1/19 (5.2) | ns |
| Prev. macrosomia | 15/47 (31.9) | 11/46 (23.9) | ns | 26/93 (28.0) | 6/19 (31.6) | ns |
| PCOS | 10/79 (12.7) | 11/74 (14.9) | ns | 21/153 (13.7) | 6/33 (18.2) | ns |
| Chronic hypertension | 14/79 (17.7) | 9/74 (12.2) | ns | 23/153 (15.0) | 7/33 (21.1) | ns |
| Smoking | 17/79 (22.5) | 14/75 (18.7 | ns | 31/154 (20.1) | 7/33 (21.2) | ns |
| Alcohol in pregnancy | 6/76 (7.9 | 5/74 (6.8) | ns | 11/150 (7.3) | 2/33 (6.1) | ns |
| Taking pregnancy vitamins | 68/79 (86.1%) | 63/75 (84.0%) | ns | 131/154 (85.1) | 32/33 (97.0) | ns |
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | |||
| BP sys (mmHg) | 115.6 (11.6) | 114.9 (12.0) | ns | 115.2 (11.7) | 118.9 (11.2) | ns |
| BP dia (mmHg) | 72.4 (9.3) | 71.4 (9.2) | ns | 71.9 (9.2) | 75.0 (8.6) | ns |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 79.2 (10.3) | 79.1 (9.7) | ns | 79.2 (10.0) | 82.4 (11.7) | ns |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.32 (0.41) | 1.41 (0.55) | ns | 1.36 (0.48) | 1.40 (0.64) | ns |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 3.21 (0.72) | 2.96 (0.73) | <0.05 | 3.08 (0.74) | 3.04 (0.70) | ns |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.37 (0.23) | 1.33 (0.28) | ns | 1.35 (0.26) | 1.40 (0.22) | ns |
| FFA (mmol/L) | 0.62 (0.23) | 0.64 (0.29) | ns | 0.64 (0.26) | 0.68 (0.22) | ns |
| 3BHB (mmol/L) | 0.067 (0.085) | 0.057 (0.074) | ns | 0.062 (0.080) | 0.087 (0.096) | ns |
| Leptin (ng/dL) | 34.5 (17.6) | 33.7 (17.6) | ns | 34.0 (17.1) | 36.9 (20.3) | ns |
| Calcium (mmol/L) | 2.2 (0.3) | 2.2 (0.4) | ns | 2.2 (0.3) | 2.3 (0.1) | ns |
| Albumin (g/L) | 36.5 (3.6) | 36.1 (3.9) | ns | 36.3 (3.8) | 37.0 (4.5) | ns |
| Albumin-corrected Calcium (mmol/L) | 2.2 (0.3) | 2.2 (0.4) | ns | 2.2 (0.4 | 2.3 (0.1) | ns |
| 25OH D2 (nmol/L) | 4.2 (4.6) | 3.0 (4.3) | ns | 3.6 (4.5) | 3.6 (4.6) | ns |
| 25OH D3 (nmol/L) | 69.3 (26.8) | 66.7 (26.8) | ns | 68.0 (26.7) | 63.3 (25.4) | ns |
| 25OH D total (nmol/L) | 73.40 (26.8) | 69.8 (26.9) | ns | 71.6 (26.8) | 66.9 (25.9) | ns |
| Skinfold biceps (mm) | 20.1 (7.9) | 19.8 (6.4) | ns | 20.0 (7.2) | 17.1 (7.2) | <0.05 |
| Skinfold triceps (mm) | 28.2 (6.6) | 28.1 (6.0) | ns | 28.1 (6.3) | 26.9 (5.7) | ns |
| Skinfold subscapular (mm) | 28.6 (7.4) | 30.3 (9.4) | ns | 29.4 (8.4) | 30.5 (6.8) | ns |
| Skinfold supra-iliac (mm) | 34.3 (7.8) | 33.3 (8.8) | ns | 33.8 (8.3) | 31.8 (7.1) | ns |
| Sum of skinfolds (mm) | 111.3 (20.5) | 111.5 (24.2) | ns | 111.4 (22.3) | 106.3 (19.6) | ns |
| Fat percentage (%) | 31.1 (2.9) | 31.2 (3.2) | ns | 31.1 (3.0) | 30.8 (2.3) | ns |
| Neck circumference (cm) | 36.3 (2.3) | 36.4 (2.0) | ns | 36.4 (2.2) | 36.6 (2.6) | ns |
SD = standard deviation, p = level of significance, ns = not significant, BMI = body mass index, GDM = gestational diabetes mellitus, PCOS = polycystic ovary syndrome, BP = blood pressure, sys = systolic, dia = diastolic, bpm = beats per minute, LDL-C = Low Density Lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-C = High Density Lipoprotein cholesterol, FFA = free fatty acid, 3BHB = beta-hydroxy butyrate, 25OH D = 25 hydroxyvitamin.