Aβ	amyloid beta
AD	Alzheimer’s disease
AMPPNP	adenylyl-imidodiphosphate
ATP	adenosine triphosphate
BBB	blood–brain barrier
CNS	central nervous system
COX-2	cyclooxygenase-2
FDA	U.S. Food and Drug Administration
IκB	inhibitory kappa B
IL	interleukin
iNOS	inducible nitric oxide synthase
LPS	lipopolysaccharide
MAPK	mitogen-activated protein kinase
MKK	mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase
MPTP	1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,4,6-tet-57 rahydropyridine
NF-κB	nuclear factor-kappa B
NMR	nuclear magnetic resonance
NO	nitric oxide
PD	Parkinson’s disease
PDB	Protein data bank
ROS	reactive oxygen species
SMO	smoothened
TNF-α	tumor necrosis factor-alpha