| PPA | propionic acid |
| SER | L-serine |
| CTSD | cathepsin D |
| LD | lipid droplet |
| SCFAs | short-chain fatty acids |
| TEM | transmission electron microscopy |
| CLEM | correlative light and electron microscopy |
| V-ATPase | vacuolar-type ATPase |
| AB234622 | lysosomal intracellular activity assay kit |