Table 3.

Equations used in risk assessments of heavy metals in food products.

Risk Equations	Equation Form		Equation Parameters	Refs.
Reference Dose, RfD	$RfD=\frac{NOAEL}{UF\times MF}$	(2)	RfD = Reference dose (mg/kg/day); NOAEL = No observed adverse effects level; UF = Uncertainty Factors; MF = Modification Factors.	[167]
Potential Dose, PD	PD = C × IR	(3)	C = Concentration (mg/kg); IR = Ingestion rate (g/day).	[173]
Average Daily Dose, ADD	$ADD=\frac{C\times IR}{BW}$	(4)	ADD = average daily dose (mg/kg/day); C = heavy metals concentration detected in food products (mg/kg); IR = ingestion rate (g/day).	[174]
Average Daily Dose, ADDor Estimated Daily Intake, EDI	$ADD=\frac{C\times IR\times ED\times EF}{BW\times AT}$	(5)	ADD = average daily dose (mg/kg/day); EDI = estimated daily dose (mg/kg/day); C = heavy metals concentration detected in food products (mg/kg); IR = ingestion rate (g/day); ED = exposure duration (days/year); EF = exposure frequency (years); BW = body weight (kg); AT = averaging time (days).	[24,163,173,175]
	$EDI=\frac{C\times IR\times EF\times ED}{BW\times AT}$	(6)
Hazard Quotient, HQ	$HQ=\frac{ADD}{RfD}$	(7)	ADD = average daily dose (mg/kg/day); EDI = estimated daily intake (mg/kg/day); RfD = reference dose (mg/kg/day).	[174]
	$HQ=\frac{EDI}{RfD}$	(8)
Hazard Index, HI	$HI={\displaystyle \sum _{n=1}^{i}HQ}$	(9)	HQ = Hazard Quotient.	[174]
Risk for carcinogenic chemical substances	$Risk=LADD\times SF$	(10)	LADD = Lifetime Average Daily Dose, (mg/kg/day); SF = slope factor cancerogenic, [(mg/kg/day)−1].	[176]
Cumulative risk	$Cumulative risk={\displaystyle {\displaystyle \sum }_{i=1}^n}Ris{k}_i$	(11)	Riski = Carcinogenic risk for chemical substance i.	[176]