Table 4.
Hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) of heavy metals in the medicinal plants or associated products.
| Herbal/Herbal Mix/Product | Heavy Metals Detected | HQ | HI | Refs. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Metal Ion | Concentration (mg/kg) | ||||
| Aster tataricus L.f. | Cr(III) | 4.58 | 9.41 × 10−5 | 8.84 × 10−2 | [175] |
| Ni(II) | 4.12 | 6.35 × 10−3 | |||
| Cu(II) | 24.73 | 1.91 × 10−2 | |||
| Zn(II) | 58.11 | 5.97 × 10−3 | |||
| As(II) | 0.19 | 1.91 × 10−2 | |||
| Cd(II) | 0.45 | 1.37 × 10−2 | |||
| Hg(II) | 0.20 | 8.72 × 10−3 | |||
| Pb(II) | 1.74 | 1.54 × 10−2 | |||
| Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge | Cr(III) | 0.76 | 2.61 × 10−5 | 7.68 × 10−2 | |
| Ni(II) | 4.53 | 1.16 × 10−2 | |||
| Cu(II) | 10.27 | 1.32 × 10−2 | |||
| Zn(II) | 14.92 | 2.55 × 10−3 | |||
| As(II) | 0.10 | 8.59 × 10−3 | |||
| Cd(II) | 0.06 | 3.02 × 10−3 | |||
| Hg(II) | 0.36 | 2.62 × 10−2 | |||
| Pb(II) | 0.79 | 1.16 × 10−2 | |||
| Radix Aucklandiae | Cr(III) | 0.05 | 6.61 × 10−3 | 9.53 × 10−2 | |
| Ni(II) | 5.27 | 4.87 × 10−3 | |||
| Cu(II) | 82.93 | 3.83 × 10−2 | |||
| Zn(II) | 50.49 | 3.11 × 10−3 | |||
| As(II) | 0.04 | 4.47 × 10−3 | |||
| Cd(II) | 0.24 | 4.47 × 10−3 | |||
| Hg(II) | 0.20 | 5.22 × 10−3 | |||
| Pb(II) | 7.01 | 3.71 × 10−2 | |||
| Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi | Cr(III) | 0.28 | 5.06 × 10−6 | 3.87 × 10−2 | |
| Ni(II) | 2.98 | 3.98 × 10−3 | |||
| Cu(II) | 13.56 | 9.06 × 10−3 | |||
| Zn(II) | 13.21 | 1.18 × 10−3 | |||
| As(II) | 0.03 | 3.04 × 10−3 | |||
| Cd(II) | 0.26 | 6.84 × 10−3 | |||
| Hg(II) | 0.22 | 8.07 × 10−3 | |||
| Pb(II) | 0.86 | 6.55 × 10−3 | |||
| Aloe Percrassa, Verbascum sinaiticum | Pb(II) | 3.30 | 0.1269 | 0.7229 | [177] |
| Cr(III) | 10.70 | 0.5487 | |||
| Cu(II) | 12.3 | 0.0473 | |||
| Chenopodium murale | Pb(II) | 3.75 | 0.2875 | 1.228 | |
| Cr(III) | 8.45 | 0.86 | |||
| Cu(II) | 10.5 | 0.0807 | |||
| Urtica simensis, Trigonella Foenum-graceeum, Calpurnia aure | Pb(II) | 4.00 | 0.3075 | 1.472 | |
| Cr(III) | 10.60 | 1.08 | |||
| Cu(II) | 11.05 | 0.0850 | |||
|
Verbena officinalis,
Dodonaea angustifolia, Calpurnia aurea |
Pb(II) | 4.00 | 0.3075 | 1.438 | |
| Cr(III) | 10.15 | 1.04 | |||
| Cu(II) | 11.85 | 0.091 | |||
|
Carica papaya,
Dodonaea angustifolia |
Pb(II) | 3.00 | 0.23 | 0.776 | |
| Cr(III) | 5.35 | 0.54 | |||
| Cu(II) | 0.81 | 0.006 | |||
|
Rumex abyssinicus,
Trigonella Foenum-graceeum, Thymus vulgari |
Pb(II) | 3.92 | 0.3 | 0.876 | |
| Cr(III) | 5.60 | 0.57 | |||
| Cu(II) | 0.86 | 0.0065 | |||
| Argy Wormwood | Pb(II) | 4.713 | 0.316 | 1.326 | [178] |
| Cd(II) | 1.051 | 0.247 | |||
| As(II) | 0.884 | 0.692 | |||
| Hg(II) | 0.027 | 0.063 | |||
| Cu(II) | 16.39 | 0.008 | |||
| Plantain Herb | Pb(II) | 3.110 | 0.209 | 1.541 | |
| Cd(II) | 0.269 | 0.063 | |||
| As(II) | 1.506 | 1.179 | |||
| Hg(II) | 0.036 | 0.085 | |||
| Cu(II) | 11.44 | 0.005 | |||
| Peppermint | Pb(II) | 1.836 | 0.123 | 0.653 | |
| Cd(II) | 0.116 | 0.027 | |||
| As(II) | 0.329 | 0.257 | |||
| Hg(II) | 0.103 | 0.242 | |||
| Cu(II) | 9.254 | 0.004 | |||
| Rhubarb | Pb(II) | 0.340 | 0.023 | 0.159 | |
| Cd(II) | 0.086 | 0.020 | |||
| As(II) | 0.112 | 0.088 | |||
| Hg(II) | 0.011 | 0.026 | |||
| Cu(II) | 3.551 | 0.002 | |||
| Chrysanthemum Flower | Pb(II) | 0.888 | 0.060 | 1.146 | |
| Cd(II) | 0.257 | 0.060 | |||
| As(II) | 0.270 | 0.211 | |||
| Hg(II) | 0.345 | 0.810 | |||
| Cu(II) | 9.903 | 0.005 | |||
| Common Coltsfoot Flower | Pb(II) | 1.173 | 0.079 | 0.651 | |
| Cd(II) | 0.081 | 0.019 | |||
| As(II) | 0.647 | 0.506 | |||
| Hg(II) | 0.018 | 0.042 | |||
| Cu(II) | 10.30 | 0.005 | |||
| Turmeric Root Tuber | Pb(II) | 0.580 | 0.039 | 0.159 | |
| Cd(II) | 0.179 | 0.042 | |||
| As(II) | 0.087 | 0.068 | |||
| Hg(II) | 0.004 | 0.009 | |||
| Cu(II) | 2.348 | 0.001 | |||
| Hibiscus sabdariffa | Zn(II) | 4.10 | 0.77 | 2.07 | [179] |
| Pb(II) | 0.74 | 0.13 | |||
| Cd(II) | 0.10 | 0.10 | |||
| Ni(II) | 0.39 | 0.29 | |||
| Cu(II) | 0.08 | 0.01 | |||
| Fe(II) | 7.9 | 0.77 | |||
| Curcuma longa | Zn(II) | 5.20 | 1.00 | 2.52 | |
| Pb(II) | 0.79 | 0.15 | |||
| Cd(II) | 0.12 | 0.12 | |||
| Ni(II) | 0.37 | 0.25 | |||
| Cu(II) | 0.26 | 0.04 | |||
| Fe(II) | 9.8 | 0.96 | |||
| Ocimum basilicum | Zn(II) | 5.18 | 0.99 | 2.30 | |
| Pb(II) | 0.74 | 0.13 | |||
| Cd(II) | 0.16 | 0.16 | |||
| Ni(II) | 0.38 | 0.27 | |||
| Cu(II) | 0.12 | 0.02 | |||
| Fe(II) | 7.5 | 0.73 | |||
| Allium sativum | Zn(II) | 5.60 | 1.04 | 2.44 | |
| Pb(II) | 0.62 | 0.10 | |||
| Cd(II) | 0.13 | 0.13 | |||
| Ni(II) | 0.37 | 0.25 | |||
| Cu(II) | 0.07 | 0.01 | |||
| Fe(II) | 9.3 | 0.91 | |||
| Zingiber officinale | Zn(II) | 7.20 | 1.39 | 2.69 | |
| Pb(II) | 2.75 | 0.51 | |||
| Cd(II) | 0.17 | 0.17 | |||
| Ni(II) | 0.63 | 0.48 | |||
| Cu(II) | 0.51 | 0.11 | |||
| Fe(II) | 0.3 | 0.03 | |||
| Asprellae ilicis radix | Pb(II) | 0.0126 | 1.76 | 2.65 | [180] |
| Cd(II) | 0.00178 | 0.89 | |||
| Hedyotidis diffusae herba | Pb(II) | 0.00302 | 0.85 | 2.72 | |
| As(II) | 0.00088 | 0.41 | |||
| Cd(II) | 0.00146 | 1.46 | |||
| Plantaginis herba | Pb(II) | 0.00264 | 0.37 | 1.00 | |
| As(II) | 0.00239 | 0.56 | |||
| Cd(II) | 0.00014 | 0.07 | |||
| Lysimachiae herba | Pb(II) | 0.00323 | 0.9 | 1.53 | |
| As(II) | 0.00065 | 0.3 | |||
| Cd(II) | 0.00032 | 0.32 | |||
| Violae herba | Pb(II) | 0.00464 | 0.65 | 1.24 | |
| As(II) | 0.00175 | 0.41 | |||
| Cd(II) | 0.00036 | 0.18 | |||
| Centipedae herba | Pb(II) | 0.00673 | 0.38 | 1.00 | |
| As(II) | 0.00168 | 0.16 | |||
| Cd(II) | 0.00232 | 0.46 | |||
| Eckloniae/Laminariae thallus | Pb(II) | 0.00267 | 0.15 | 3.42 | |
| As(II) | 0.0337 | 3.13 | |||
| Cd(II) | 0.0007 | 0.14 | |||
| Toxicodendri resina | Pb(II) | 0.0738 | 1.55 | 11.9 | |
| As(II) | 0.00478 | 0.17 | |||
| Cd(II) | 0.00055 | 0.04 | |||
| Hg(II) | 0.0977 | 10.2 | |||
| Pheretima | Pb(II) | 0.0141 | 0.66 | 1.15 | |
| As(II) | 0.0024 | 0.19 | |||
| Cd(II) | 0.00164 | 0.27 | |||
| Hg(II) | 0.00015 | 0.03 | |||
| Fossilia Ossis Mastodi | Pb(II) | 0.0054 | 0.76 | 2.19 | |
| As(II) | 0.0056 | 1.3 | |||
| Cd(II) | 0.00026 | 0.13 | |||
| Haematitum | Pb(II) | 0.00559 | 0.78 | 2.08 | |
| As(II) | 0.00525 | 1.22 | |||
| Hg(II) | 0.00011 | 0.08 | |||
| Tea bags | Fe(II) | 1.05–7.45 | 2.00 × 10−4–1.42 × 10−3 | 0.68–1.11 | [181] |
| Zn(II) | 0.10–0.30 | 4.44 × 10−5–1.33 × 10−3 | |||
| As(II) | 1.40–2.00 | 0.62–0.89 | |||
| Cd(II) | 0.10–1.50 | 0.01–0.20 | |||
| Pb(II) | 0.10–0.40 | 3.81 × 10−3–1.52 × 10−3 | |||