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. 2022 Sep 6;27(18):5765. doi: 10.3390/molecules27185765

Table 2.

Summary of studies on processing conditions, biological properties and phytochemical analyses of different parts of M. oleifera extracts.

Parts of the Plants Extraction Solvent Drying Method Extraction Method Analytical and Bioassay Approach Phytochemical Content Tested Biological Assay Reference
Leaves Leaf powder Dried under the shade NA High-performance liquid chromatograph-photodiode array (HPLC-PDA)

  1. Isoquercitrin (1494.2 µmol/100 g dried leaf powder)

  2. Rutin (1446.6 µmol/100 g dried leaf powder)

  3. Kaempferol glycosides (394.4 µmol/100 g dried leaf powder)

  4. Chlorogenic acid (134.5 µmol/100 g dried leaf powder)

  5. Quercetin (2030.9 µmol/100 g dried leaf powder)

  6. Kaempferol (336.7 µmol/100 g dried leaf powder)

 Anti-diabetic
(in vivo)		 [39]
Aqueous NA NA Total phenolic content (TPC), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP)

  1. TPC (19.9 ± 2.5 w/w % gallic acid equivalents)

  2. DPPH (758.9 ± 23.8 IC50 mg/mL)

  3. FRAP (123.6 ± 7.1 ascorbic acid equivalents/mg dry plant)

 Anti-glycating agent
NPA: neuroprotective potential algorithm 		[50]
Air-dried NA NA NA Cardio-protective
(in vivo)		 [51]
NA Hot-water extraction TPC, TFC, HPLC-UV

  1. TPC (76.0 ± 2.4 μg/mg of extract)

  2. TFC (31.1 ± 4.1 μg/mg of extract)

  3. Chlorogenic acid (0.402 ± 0.04 μg/mg of extract)

  4. Caffeic acid (0.0133 ± 0.0096 μg/mg of extract)

 Anti-oxidative
(in vitro)		 [52]
Washed, dried and ground to powder using a mechanical grinder Maceration Standard phytochemical methods

  1. Saponins (very high)

  2. Alkaloids (very high)

  3. Glycosides (very high)

  4. Tannins (abundant)

  5. Carbohydrates (moderate high)

  6. Acidic compounds (very high)

  7. Proteins (present)

 Antiviral
(in vitro)		 [11]
Air-dried under shade 12 h constantly shaken with 30 min intervals NA NA Antibacterial (in vitro) [53]
Air-dried Rotary shaker for 24 h Standard phytochemical screening method

  1. Tannin

  2. Phenol

  3. Flavonoid

  4. Saponins

 [54]
Dried in shade Overnight infusion NA NA [55]
Air-dried Maceration in water, 50 °C for 8 h [56]
NA Intermittent shaking for 2 weeks [57]
NA Cold-water extraction at 4 °C, vigorous and vortexes NA NA Anti-carcinogenic (in vitro) [58]
Ethanol Air-dried under shade Soxhlet extraction in 80% ethanol, 24 h NA NA Neuro-protective
(in vitro and in vivo)		 [59]
Dried at 65 °C using a hot-air oven Stirred for 8 h (ratio 1:4) DPPH, FRAP

  1. DPPH (58%)

  2. FRAP (26.76 ± 0.3 µmol/g)

 [60]
NA Maceration with 80% ethanol at 70 ℃, 3 h HPLC,
TPC

  1. Myricetin (5.44 mg 100/g)

  2. Kaempferol (1157.13 mg 100/g)

  3. TPC (69.75 μg/g)

 [61]
Dried under sun, pulverized by disintegrator Ultrasonic extraction using water bath (200 W, 40 KHz) for 30 min in 90% ethanol TFC
LC-MS (HPLC-UV/ESI-MS/MS)

  1. TFC (192.36 ± 2.96 mg rutin equivalent (RE)/g)

  2. Sucrose (RT 2.88)

  3. Niazirin (RT 2.95)

  4. Quinic acid isomer 2 (RT 191)

  5. Glucomoringin (RT 8.44)

  6. Acetyl-4-(α-l-rhamnopyranosyloxy) benzyl glucosinolate (RT 20.20)

  7. 3-Caffeoylquinic acid (RT 10.44)

  8. Rutin (RT 22.03)

  9. Quercetin 3-O-glucoside (RT 23.65)

  10. Quercetin-acetyl-glucoside (RT 26.47)

  11. Kaempferol 3-O-glucoside (RT 26.61)

  12. Kaempferol-acetyl-glycoside (RT 29.75)

 Anti-oxidative
(in vitro)		 [62]
NA Soxhlet extraction NA NA Antiviral
(in vitro)		 [63]
Air-dried Macerated for 72 h and stirred for 24 h in 95% ethanol NA NA Antibacterial (in vitro) [64]
Air-dried under shade 12 h constantly shaken with 30 min intervals [53]
Air-dried Rotary shaker for 24 h, 70% ethanol Standard phytochemical screening method

  1. Tannin

  2. Phenol

  3. Flavonoid

  4. Saponins

 [54]
Air-dried Maceration in water, 50 °C for 8 h NA NA [56]
Vegetal tissue dehydrated using conventional oven for 3 days, 60 °C until constant weight Stirred for 3 days in dark with ab. ethanol Standard phytochemical methods

  1. TPC (1356.57 ± 0.15 g/ mg GAE/100 g dry weight)

  2. TFC (1347.77 ± 0.13 QE mg/g dry weight)

 [65]
Air-dried at room temperature Maceration with 98% ethanol, room temperature for 24 h NA NA Anti-diabetic
(in vivo)		 [66]
Dried in shade Maceration with 95, 75, 50 and 25% (v/v) ethanol HPLC-DAD

  1. Saponin

  2. Tannin and Phenols

  3. Flavonoids

  4. Glycosides

 [67]
Air-dried Maceration NA NA [68]
NA Maceration for 6–8 h GC-MS

  1. Isopropyl isothiocyanate

  2. D-allose

  3. Cetene

  4. Palmitic acid

 Anti-carcinogenic
(in vitro and in vivo)		 [69]
Air-dried at room temperature for over 3 weeks Stirred for 48 h NA NA [70]
NA Ultrasound bath extraction (40 kHz, 300 W) for 1.5 h at 50 °C TPC, TFC, FRAP

  1. TPC (range from 27 ± 4 to 69 ± 4 mg GAE/g dry weight)

  2. TFC (range from 54 ± 3 to 115 ± 5 mg RE/g dry weight)

  3. FRAP (range from 160 ± 10 to 290 ± 5 mg/g)

 [71]
Methanol Air-dried Cold extraction Standard phytochemical methods,
HPLC-DAD and HPLC-EC, UV-visible spectroscopy (for vitamin content determination)

  1. Alkaloid (low)

  2. Glycoside (low)

  3. Phenol (rich)

  4. Saponin (low)

  5. Tannin (low)

  6. Terpenoids (low)

  7. Flavonoid (very high, 22.6% w/w)

  8. Vitamin A (0.3 mg/g)

  9. Vitamin C (6.7 mg/g)

  10. Vitamin E (0.22 IU/g)

 Neuro-protective
(in vivo)		 [72]
NA Maceration Standard phytochemical screening method

  1. Saponins (moderate high)

  2. Alkaloids (moderate high)

  3. Glycosides (very high)

  4. Tannins (very high)

  5. Carbohydrates (present)

  6. Flavonoid (moderate high)

  7. Resins (moderate high)

  8. Proteins (present)

 Antiviral
(in vitro)		 [11]
Air-dried under shade 12 h constantly shaken with 30 min intervals NA NA Antibacterial
(in vitro)		 [53]
Air-dried Rotary shaker for 24 h, 80% methanol Standard phytochemical screening method

  1. Tannin

  2. Phenol

  3. Flavonoid

  4. Saponins

 [54]
Dried in shade Soxhlet extraction for 3 h NA NA [55]
Air-dried at room temperature Maceration Standard phytochemical screening method

  1. Alkaloids (++)

  2. Flavonoid (+++)

  3. Tannin (++)

  4. Phenol (+++)

 [73]
Air-dried Soxhlet extraction for 8 h, in 80% methanol NA NA [74]
Chloroform NA Intermittent shaking for 2 weeks NA NA Antibacterial
(in vitro)		 [57]
Ethyl acetate
Butanol
Petroleum ether NA Maceration Standard phytochemical methods

  1. Alkaloids (abundant)

  2. Flavonoid (abundant)

  3. Resins (present)

 Antiviral
(in vitro)		 [11]
Flower/pulp Aqueous Air-dried Rotary shaker for 24 h Standard phytochemical screening method Flower

  1. Flavonoid

  2. Saponins

Pulp

  1. Tannin

  2. Phenol

  3. Saponins

 Antibacterial
(in vitro)		 [54]
Ethanol Rotary shaker for 24 h, 70% ethanol

  1. Tannin

  2. Phenol

  3. Saponins
Methanol Rotary shaker for 24 h, 80% methanol Flower

  1. Tannin

  2. Phenol

Pulp
  • 3.

    Tannin

  • 4.

    Phenol

  • 5.

    Saponins
Petroleum ether Rotary shaker for 24 h Flower

  1. Saponins

Pulp
  • 2.

    Tannin

  • 3.

    Phenol

  • 4.

    Saponins
Stem Aqueous Dried in shade Maceration for 72 h, room temperature NA NA Antibacterial
(in vitro)		 [75]
NA Hot-water extraction TPC, TFC, HPLC-UV

  1. TPC (61.5 ± 1.8 μg/mg of extract)

  2. TFC (6.89 ± 1.54 μg/mg of extract)

  3. Chlorogenic acid (0.120 ± 0.001 μg/mg of extract)

  4. Caffeic acid (0.00571 ± 0.00275 μg/mg of extract)

 Anti-oxidative
(in vitro)		 [52]
Ethanol NA Ultrasound bath extraction (40 kHz, 300 W) for 1.5 h at 50 °C NA NA Anti-carcinogenic
(in vitro)		 [71]
Methanol Dried in shade Maceration for 72 h in 99.9% methanol, room temperature NA NA Antibacterial
(in vitro)		 [75]
n-Hexane Maceration for 72 h in 98.9% n-hexane, room temperature
Bark Ethanol NA Maceration for 6–8 h GC-MS

  1. Eugenol

  2. Dibutyl phthalate

  3. 2- chloropropionic acid

  4. 5-eicosene

  5. Palmitic acid

 Anti-carcinogenic
(in vitro) 		[69]
Root Ethanol Dried under sun, pulverized by disintegrator Ultrasonic extraction using water bath (200 W, 40 KHz) for 30 min in 90% ethanol TFC
LC-MS (HPLC-UV/ESI-MS/MS)

  1. TFC (106.79 ± 2.12 mg rutin equivalent (RE)/g)

  2. Sucrose (RT 2.88)

  3. Cellotriose (RT 2.90)

  4. Methyl 4-caffeoylquinate (RT 2.87)

  5. Quinic acid isomer (RT 3.20)

  6. Glucomoringin (RT 8.44)

  7. Glucotropaeolin (RT 16.90)

 Anti-oxidative
(in vitro)		 [62]
NA Ultrasound bath extraction (40 kHz, 300 W) for 1.5 h at 50 °C NA NA Anti-carcinogenic
(in vitro)		 [71]
Seed Seed powder Dried and ground to powder NA NA NA Cardio-protective
(in vivo)		 [76,77,78]
Dried in shade Anti-oxidative
(in vivo)		 [79]
Seed oil Air-dried in oven Soxhlet extraction using hexane, heated at low temperature NA NA Anti-diabetic
(in vivo)		 [80]
Aqueous Dried in shade Stirred for 48 h, room temperature TPC, TFC, Total tannin

  1. TPC (90.97 ± 0.134 mg GAE/g of dry extract)

  2. TFC (221.76 ± 0.221 mg QE/g of dry extract)

  3. Total tannin (21.74 ± 0.086 mg GAE/g of dry extract)

 Anti-oxidative
(bioassays)		 [81]
Dried in shade Maceration for 72 h, room temperature NA NA Antibacterial
(in vitro)		 [75]
Rotary shaker for 2 days, cold and hot water [82]
Air-dried for 2 days Shaking on horizontal shaker for 3 days [83]
NA Maceration for 72 h at room temperature NA NA Anti-diabetic
(in vivo)		 [80]
Ethanol Dried under sun, pulverized by disintegrator Ultrasonic extraction using water bath (200 W, 40 KHz) for 30 min in 90% ethanol TFC
LC-MS (HPLC-UV/ESI-MS/MS)

  1. TFC (5.89 ± 0.65 mg rutin equivalent (RE)/g)

  2. Cellotetraose (RT 2.83)

  3. Sucrose (RT 2.88)

  4. Cellotriose (RT 2.90)

  5. 3-Hydroxy-4-(α-l-rhamnopyranosyl oxy) benzyl glucosinolate (RT 7.94)

  6. Glucomoringin (RT 8.44)

 Anti-oxidative
(in vitro)		 [62]
Dried in shade Rotary shaker for 2 days NA NA Antibacterial
(in vitro)		 [82]
NA Ultrasound bath extraction (40 kHz, 300 W) for 1.5 h at 50 °C NA NA Anti-carcinogenic
(in vitro)		 [71]
NA Maceration for 6–8 h GC-MS

  1. 1-butanamine

  2. 1-dodecene

  3. 2-decenal

  4. 3-tetradecene

  5. 2-tetradecene

  6. 1-octadecene

  7. hexadecanoic acid

  8. 10-octadecenoic acid heptadecanoic acid

 [69]
NA Maceration in 70% ethanol at 85 °C, 2 h NA NA Neuro-protective
(in vivo)		 [84]
Methanol Dried in shade Soxhlet extraction Standard phytochemical screening method

  1. Flavonoids

  2. Tannins

  3. Glycosides

  4. Carbohydrates

 Cardio-protective
(in vivo)		 [85]
Dried in shade Stirred for 48 h, room temperature TPC, TFC, Total tannin

  1. TPC (60.99 ± 0.153 mg GAE/g of dry extract)

  2. TFC (10.13 ± 0.171 mg QE/g of dry extract)

  3. Total tannin (97.10 ± 0.153 mg GAE/g of dry extract)

 Anti-oxidative
(bioassays)		 [81]
De-shelled, dried at
23 to 25 °C for 5 days 		Shaken for 4 h and macerated overnight NA NA Antibacterial
(in vitro) 		[86]
Dried in shade Maceration for 72 h in 99.9% methanol, room temperature [75]
Rotary shaker for 2 days [82]
Air-dried for 2 days Shaking on horizontal shaker for 3 days [83]
Air-dried Soxhlet extraction for 8 h [74]
Acetone Dried in shade Stirred for 48 h, room temperature TPC, TFC, Total tannin

  1. TPC (30.78 ± 0.101 mg GAE/g of dry extract)

  2. TFC (13.32 ± 0.101 mg QE/g of dry extract)

  3. Total tannin (73.91 ± 0.107 mg GAE/g of dry extract)

 Anti-oxidative
(bioassays)		 [81]
Air-dried for 2 days Shaking on horizontal shaker for 3 days NA NA Antibacterial
(in vitro)		 [83]
Petroleum ether Air-dried Soxhlet extraction for 4 h, 40–60 °C [74]
Hexane Dried in shade Maceration for 72 h in 98.9% n-hexane, room temperature [75]