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. 2022 Sep 14;23(18):10665. doi: 10.3390/ijms231810665

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Antioxidant potential of saponins against free radicals, ROS, and the expression of antioxidant genes in HEK293 cells. (A) Free radical scavenging activities of saponins against DPPH free radicals. (B) Free radical scavenging activities of saponins against ABTS free radicals. (C) Determination of H2O2-induced cellular ROS in control and saponin-treated cells using dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFDA) staining under a fluorescence microscope. (D) DCFDA-positive cells per 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI)-positive cells were quantified in the control and saponin-treated cells. (E) Antioxidant-associated gene expression was determined in treated and control cells determined RT-PCR. (F) Gel electrophoresis of the PCR products from the antioxidant-related gene RT-PCR. The data are shown as the mean ± SEM of three separate experiments. * = p < 0.01 and ** = p < 0.001 compared with the control.