Table 2.

The main clinical studies on the use of KD in CNS tumors.

Cancer Type	Year	Number of Patients	Study Group	Results	Reference
Recurrent glioblastoma	2014	20	KD, conventional therapy, KD + conventional therapy	KD alone not efficacy. KD + bevacizumab prolongs PFS compared with bevacizumab alone.	[60]
Glioblastoma	2014	6	Standard therapy vs. terapia standard + KD	KD well tolerated and safe even in combination with standard therapies. Improved glucose profile also in combination with steroids.	[69]
Glioma	2015	8	Standard therapy + MAD (modified atkins diet)	KD well tolerated with improved seizure control.	[44]
Glioblastoma and gliomatosis cerebri	2017	9	SD, KD, KD+bevacizumab	KD determines accumulation of ketone bodies in the CNS of patients with brain tumors.	[76]
High-grade glioma	2018	6	Standard therapy + MKD	Well-tolerated diet with limited side effects (fatigue, constipation).	[77]
Glioblastoma	2019	11	Standard therapy + KD	No severe adverse effects, no effects on survival, neurological functioning, or quality of life.	[72]
Difuse intrinsic pontine glioma	2019	3	Standard therapy + KD	KD is safe but the effect on survival requires a larger cohort.	[73]
Glioblastoma	2020	8	Standard therapy + KD	KD was well tolerated, sample sparsity did not allow testing for survival benefits.	[78]
Glioblastoma	2020	12	Standard therapy+MKD (modified ketogenic diet) o MCTKD (medium-chain triglycerideketogenic diet)	Some patients developed indroelectrolyte disorders. There was an improvement in GHS, which was better in MKD.	[71]
Glioma	2020	12	Standard therapy + KD	Improved symptoms and seizures. Improved disease control with reduction in vasogenic edema.	[70]
High-grade glioma	2021	13	RT + modified atkins diet + MCT + metformin supplementation	Promising intervention.	[79]
Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma	2021	5	Standard therapy + KD	KD is safe but the effect on survival requires a larger cohort.	[74]