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. 2022 Aug 31;20(9):559. doi: 10.3390/md20090559

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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PbTx-2 induces the release of extracellular glutamate. PbTx-2 leads to the elevation of miniature excitatory post-synaptic currents (mEPSCs) and is dependent on PAK1. Pbtx-2 treatment led to an increase in extracellular glutamate release in DIV-5 neurons (* p < 0.05) (A). Bars in panel A represent the mean ± SD (n = 12–30). Representative mEPSC currents in DIV-5 cerebrocortical neurons treated with ± PbTx-2 alone or a Pak1 inhibitor IPA3 (B). Histogram summary (mean ± SEM) of mEPSC data for different treatment groups (*** p < 0.0003) (C). The technical replicates were as follows: control = 9; PbTx-2 = 9; IPA3 = 5; IPA3 + PbTx-2 = 7.