Table 2.
Incidences of Comamonas testosteroni infection from 1987 to 2022. Main characteristics of the case reports.
| Author (Ref.) | Year | Sex/Age | Country | Co-Morbidity | Type of Infection | Susceptible to * | Resistance to * | Antibiotic Treatment | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Atkinson et al. 1975 [59] | 1966 | F/31 yr old | USA | Rheumatic heart disease | Septicemia | N/A | N/A | Kanamycin, Tetracycline | Full recovery |
| Grover Smith, 1979 [60] | 1979 | M/48 yr old | USA | Atrophic right leg |
Pyarthrosis Septicemia |
Amikacin, Ampicillin, Carbenicillin, Cephalothin, Chloramphenicol, Colistin, Gentamicin, Kanamycin, Tetracycline, Tobramycin |
N/A | Cephalothin, Gentamicin. Followed by Ampicillin for 21 days. |
Full recovery |
| Barbaro et al., 1987 [54] | 1983 | M/31 yr old | USA | None | Perforated appendix | N/A | N/A | Cefoxitin then drainage, then Ampicillin, Clindamycin, Gentamicin | Full recovery |
| Barbaro et al., 1987 [54] | 1983 | M/11 yr old | USA | None | Perforated appendix | N/A | N/A | Ampicillin, Clindamycin, Tobramycin | Full recovery |
| Barbaro et al., 1987 [54] | 1983 | F/59 yr old | USA | Alcoholic | Cirrhosis | N/A | N/A | Cefoxitin | Full recovery |
| Barbaro et al., 1987 [54] | 1983 | F/24 yr old | USA | Iv drug abuse | Meningitis | N/A | N/A | Moxalactam, Nafcillin | Full recovery |
| Barbaro et al., 1987 [54] | 1984 | F/21 yr old | USA | Pregnant | Perforated appendicitis | Cefoxitin | N/A | Surgery, Iv Cefoxitin for 9 days | Full recovery |
| Barbaro et al., 1987 [54] | 1984 | F/12 yr old | USA | None | Perforated appendicitis | N/A | N/A | Cefoxitin | Full recovery |
| Barbaro et al., 1987 [54] | 1985 | F/84 yr old | USA | Congestive heart failure | Urine tract infection | N/A | N/A | Ampicillin | Full recovery |
| Barbaro et al., 1987 [54] | 1985 | M/24 yr old | USA | None | Perforated appendicitis | N/A | N/A | Cefoxitin | Full recovery |
| Barbaro et al., 1987 [54] | 1985 | F/New-born | USA | Maternal IV drug abuse, Premature birth | Sepsis | N/A | N/A | Ampicillin, amikacin | Died |
| Barbaro et al., 1987 [54] | 1985 | Stillborn | USA | Maternal IV drug abuse, premature birth | Sepsis | N/A | N/A | None | Died |
| Franzetti et al., [61] | 1992 | N/A | Italy | AIDS | Respiratory infection | N/A | N/A | Ceftazidime | Full recovery |
| Le Moal et al., 2001 [62] | 2001 | F/75 yr old | France | Breast cancer | Bacteremia | Aztreonam, Ceftazidime, Piperacillin, Ticarcillin | Amikacin, Ciprofloxacin, Fosfomycin | Ceftazidime, Gentamicin for 10 days | Full recovery |
| Arda et al., 2003 [63] | 2003 | M/50 yr old | Turkey | Undergone cholesteatoma operation | Purulent meningitis | Ceftriaxone, Ceftazidime, Meropenem | N/A | Ceftriaxone (were 3 mg/mL), Ceftazidime (0.75 mg/mL), and Meropenem (0.47 mg/mL), then changed to Meropenem, 3 g/day and operation to remove the cholesteatoma | Full recovery |
| Smith et al., 2003 [64] | 2003 | M/89 yr old | USA | N/A | Bacteremia | N/A | N/A | Levofloxacin | Full recovery |
| Cooper et al., 2005 [22] | 2005 | M/49 yr old | USA | None | Endocarditis | Ampicillin, Gentamicin, first, second, third generation Cephalosporins, Imipenem, Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin, Piperacillin, SXT, Tobramycin | N/A | Initially Cefipime, Gentamicin, switched to Ampicillin, then followed by surgery and 6 weeks of IV antibiotic treatment | Full recovery |
| Gul et al., 2007 [65] | 2006 | M/22 yr old | Turkey | None | Bacteremia due to perforated appendicitis | Ampicillin/Sulbactam, Amikacin, Cefazolin, Ceftazidime, Cefepime, Ciprofloxacin, Gentamicin, Imipenem, Levofloxacin, Piperacillin-Tazobactam, Imipenem, Meropenem, SXT, Tobramycin | N/A | Iv Cefazolin 1 g was given before surgery, Iv Cefazolin 1 g every 8 h after surgery | Full recovery |
| Abraham and Simon, 2007 [7] | 2007 | F/54 yr old | USA | Metastatic esophageal cancer, an indwelling central venous catheter | Bacteremia, septic shock | N/A | N/A | Cefepime, Vancomycin, Azithromycin, Drotrecogin alfa, Glucocorticosteroids, Norepinephrine Vasopressin, then was changed to Cefepime and Ciprofloxacin for 16 days | Full recovery |
| Garolo et al., 2007 [66] | 2007 | M/63 yr old | Poland | Lumbar discectomy | Spondylodiscitis | N/A | N/A | Eicoplanine (600 mg e.v./day), Ciprofloxacin (400 mg 2 times/day), then Ciprofloxacin, Cotrimoxazole | Full recovery |
| Jin et al., 2008 [55] | 2008 | M/54 yr old | USA | Alcoholic | Purulent Meningitis | N/A | N/A | Moxifloxacin | Died |
| Reddy et al., 2009 [67] | 2009 | F/82 yr old | India | Diabetes, Cataract surgery | Post-operative endophthalmitis | Ceftazidime, Chloramphenicol, Ciprofloxacin, Gatifloxacin, Moxifloxacin, Ofloxacin | Amikacin, Gentamicin, Tobramycin | Intraocular injection of 1 mg Vancomycin and 1 mg Ceftazidime, Ciprofloxacin (oral and topical), steroids (oral and topical) and Cycloplegics then intravitreal Ceftazidime (1 mg), topical ceftazidime | Full recovery |
| Katırcıoğlu et al., 2010 [68] | 2010 | M/83 yr old | Turkey | Hypertension and ischemic cerebrovascular incident | Sepsis | Amikacin, Ciprofloxacin, Piperacillin-Tazobactam | Aztreonam, Cefepime, Ceftriaxon, Ceftazidime, Cefoperazon-Sulbactam, Tobramycin, Imipenem | Piperacillin-Tazobactam, Amikacin for 10 days | Full recovery |
| Nseir et al., 2011 [69] | 2011 | F/64 yr old | Israel | Diabetes mellitus Patient on hemodialysis | Bacteremia (Catheter-related) | Ceftazidime, Gentamycin, Quinolones | Ampicillin Penicillin, Rocephin. | Vancomycin, ceftriaxone | Died |
| Ozden et al., 2011 [70] | 2011 | M/10 yr old | Turkey | Cerebral palsy, tracheostomy | Infection | N/A | N/A | Ceftriaxone, clarithromycin | Full recovery |
| Tsui et al., 2011 [71] | 2011 | M/73 yr old | Taiwan | Chronic hepatitis B, liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma | Bacteremia | N/A | N/A | Radiofrequency ablation for liver tumor, Cefmetazon (1 g every 8 h), Gentamicin (60 mg every 8 h), then changed for IV Levofloxacin (500 mg once a day), oral Levofloxacin (500 mg every day) for 4 days | Full recovery |
| Tsui et al., 2011 [71] | 2011 | M/54 yr old | Taiwan | Alcoholic, Mild obstructive lung disease, replaced hip joints | Bacteremia | N/A | N/A | Iv Oxacillin (2 g every 6 h), Cephalosporin, then IV Ciprofloxacin (400 mg for every 12 h) 8 days | Full recovery |
| Farshad et al., 2012 [72] | 2010 | M/10 yr old | Iran | Brain Medullo-blastoma, chemotherapy | Bacteremia | Amikacin, Ampicillin, Aztreonam Ceftazidime, Ceftriaxone, Cefuroxime, Gentamicin, Cephalexin, Ciprofloxacin, Imipenem, Meropenem, Piperacillin/Tazobactam Tobramycin, Ticarcillin, Tetracycline, | N/A | Iv Ciprofloxacin (10 mg/kg/day for 21 days), Amikacin (15 mg/kg/day for 21 days) | Full recovery |
| Farshad et al., 2012 [72] | 2010 | F/19 yr old | Iran | Osteosarcoma, chemotherapy | Bacteremia, septic shock | Amikacin, Ampicillin, Aztreonam Ceftazidime, Ceftriaxone, Cefuroxime, Gentamicin, Cephalexin, Ciprofloxacin, Imipenem, Meropenem, Piperacillin/Tazobactam Tobramycin, Ticarcillin, Tetracycline | N/A | Iv Vancomycin (60 mg/kg/day for 14 days) and Imipenem (100 mg/kg/day for 14 days), then oral Ciprofloxacin (30 mg/kg/day for three weeks) | Full recovery |
| Al Ramahi et al., 2013 [73] | 2013 | M/47 yr old | Jordan | Renal failure, maintained on hemodialysis | Bacteremia | Cefepime, Ciprofloxacin, Cotrimoxzole, Levofloxacin, Ofloxacin, Polymyxin B, Tigecycline | Amikacin, Gentamicin, Imipenem, Meropenem, Piperacillin/Tazobactam with intermediate sensitivity for Ceftazidime | Cefepime (1 g daily for 14 days), then oral Cyclosporine 200 mg twice daily, Mycophenolate Mofetil 360 mg twice daily Prednisone 30 mg twice daily, oral INH 300 mg once daily | Full recovery |
| Bayhan et al., 2013 [74] | 2013 | M/16 yr old | Turkey | None | Peritonitis due to perforated appendicitis | Amicasin, Ampicillin, Ampicillin-Sulbactam, Ceftazidime, Cefazolin, Ciprofloxacin, Gentamicin, Imipenem, Piperacillin | Ceftriaxone, Cefuroxime, SXT | Removal of appendix, Saline peritoneal lavage, IV Amicasin, Ampicillin, Clindamycin (5 days) | Full recovery |
| Altun et al., 2013 [75] | 2013 | F/29 yr old | Turkey | End-stage renal failure, hypertensive nephrosclerosis, CAPD | Peritonitis | N/A | N/A | Iv Vancomycin, oral Ciprofloxacin (14 days) | Full recovery |
| Orsini et al., 2014 [76] | 2014 | F/80 yr old | USA | Hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hiatal hernia, osteoarthritis, cholelithiasis, obesity | Polymicrobial bacteremia | Ceftazidime, Carbapenems, Piperacillin/Tazobactam, SXT | N/A | Initially Ceftriaxone (2 g IV daily), then Nafcillin (2 g IV every 4 h), Cefazolin (1 g IV every 8 h) and Doripenem (250 mg IV every 8 h) | Full recovery |
| Swain and Rout, 2015 [56] | 2015 | F/50 yr old | India | Diabetes mellitus complicated with chronic renal disease | Bacteremia, septic shock | Ceftazidime, Cefoperazone-Sulbactam, Meropenem | Amikacin, Cefepime, Ciprofloxacin, Gentamicin, Piperacillin-Tazobactam | Piperacillin-Tazobactum (3.375 gm IV 6 hourly), then changed for Cefoperazone-Sulbactam | Died |
| Duran et al., 2015 [77] | 2015 | M/51 yr old | Turkey | Tachycardia | Endocarditis | Amikacin, Ciprofloxacin, Ceftazidime, Cefoperazone-Sulbactam, Cefepime, Colistin Tigecycline | Gentamicin, Imipenem, Meropenem, Netilmicin, Piperacillin-Tazobactam | Cardiovascular surgery, Ciprofloxacin | Full recovery |
| Kim et al., 2015 [21] | 2015 | F/42 yr old | Korea | Meningioma was removed 6 days before infection | Septic shock | N/A | N/A | Initially Piperacillin/Tazobactam, Levofloxacin, Metronidazole iv, renal replacement therapy, Immunoglobulin IV Meropenem/Levofloxacin, then ceftazidime with levofloxacin | Full recovery |
| Khalki et al., 2016 [78] | 2015 | N/A/18 | Morocco | None | Acute appendicitis | Amoxicillin—clavulanic acid, Cefoxitin, 2nd and 3rd generation Cephalosporins, Gentamycin, Amikacin, Carbapenems, Ticarcillin, Piperacillin | Amino-penicillins, Aztreonam, Ciprofloxacin, Nalidixic acid, Norfloxacin, SXT | Surgery, Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid IV for 48 h, then taken orally for 8 days | Full recovery |
| Pekintürk and Akgüneş, 2016 [79] | 2016 | M/62 yr old | Turkey | Left hemiparesis and type II diabetes | Bacteremia | Amikacin, Ceftazidime, Cefepime, Ciprofloxacin, Gentamicin, Imipenem, Levofloxacin, Meropenem, Netilmicin, Piperacillin, Piperacillin-Tazobactam, Tetracycline Tigecycline, Tobramycin, SXT | Aztreonam, Colistin | N/A | Died |
| Parolin et al., 2016 [80] | 2016 | F/4 yr old | Italy | End-stage renal disease, idiopathic epilepsy | Peritonitis | N/A | N/A | Initially IV Ceftazidime, Teicoplanin, then changed to Ciprofloxacin for 3 weeks | Full recovery |
| Hung et al., 2017 [81] | 2017 | F/63 yr old | Taiwan | Hemodialysis patient | Acute Appendicitis | Ceftriaxone, Ceftazidime, Gentamicin | Ciprofloxacin | Cefazolin Followed by ceftriaxone | Full recovery |
| Ruziaki and Hashami, 2017 [82] | 2017 | F/1 yr old | Oman | None | Sepsis | Ceftriaxone, Ceftazidime, Cefipime, Ciprofloxacin, Gentamicin | N/A | Iv Ceftriaxone (80 mg per kg per dose once a day for 14 days | Full recovery |
| Yasayancan and Koseoglu, 2017 [57] | 2017 | M/68 yr old | Turkey | Lung cancer, adrenal metastasis | Polymicrobial Bacteremia | Cefepime, Colistin, Levofloxacin, Tigecycline | Gentamycin, Imipenem, Meropenem, Piperacillin–Tazobactam | Piperacillin–Tazobactam and ciprofloxacin iv, then Cefepime Teicoplanin, then Tigecycline/Colistin | Died |
| Tartar and Tartar, 2020 [83] | 2017 | M/14 yr old | Turkey | None | Perforated appendicitis | Amikacin, Ampicillin–Sulbactam, Ceftazidime, Cefazolin, Ciprofloxacin, Gentamicin, Imipenem, Piperacillin, SXT | N/A | Surgery, IV Cefazolin (100 mg/kg), Amikacin (15 mg/kg), Metronidazole (30 mg/kg). | Full recovery |
| Tartar and Tartar, 2020 [83] | 2017 | F/5 yr old | Turkey | None | Acute appendicitis | Amikacin, Ertapenem, Ciprofloxacin, Gentamicin, Imipenem, Piperacillin, SXT | Ampicillin–Sulbactam, Ceftazidime, Cefuroxime | Surgery, IV Cefazolin (100 mg/kg), Amikacin (15 mg/kg), Metronidazole (30 mg/kg) | Full recovery |
| Farooq et al., 2017 [20] |
2017 | F/65 yr old | India | Colostomy | Gastroenteritis | Amikacin, Cefepime, Cefoperazone/Salbactam, Ceftazidime, Colistin, Gentamicin, Imipenem Cotrimoxazole, Minocycline, Meropenem, Piperacillin/Tazobactam, Tigecycline | Aztreonam, Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin | Oral Ciprofloxacin (500 mg for 3 days), probiotics | Full recovery |
| Cetin et al., 2018 [57] | 2018 | M/10 yr old | Turkey | Cerebral palsy, scoliosis, supported with long-term home mechanical ventilation | Pneumonia | Amikacin, Ceftazidime, Cefepime, Imipenem, Levofloxacin, Meropenem, Netilmicin, Piperacillin, Piperacillin-Tazobactam, Tigecycline, SXT | Aztreonam, Ciprofloxacin, Colistin, Gentamicin, Tetracycline | Amikacin (1 × 225 mg), Piperacillin-Tazobactam (3 × 1.5 g) Vancomycin (4 × 150 mg), | Died |
| Lovell and Forde, 2019 [84] | 2019 | M/39 yr old | Barbados | Alcoholism, asthma, pancreatitis | Bacteremia | Cefepime, Cefotaxime, Ceftriaxone, Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin, Meropenem, Piperacillin-Tazobactam, SXT | Cefazolin, Ertapenem, Gentamicin | Initially Meropenem 1 g IV every 8 h, Fluconazole 800 mg IV, a 21-day course of Meropenem and a 14-day course of Fluconazole (unsuccessfully), then SXT | Full recovery |
| Tiwari and Nanda, 2019 [85] | 2019 | F/46 yr old | India | None | Bacteremia | Amikacin, Cefuroxime, Ciprofloxacin, Colistin Gentamicin, Imipenem, Meropenem, Tigecycline, Cotrimoxazole | Piperacillin-Tazobactam | Initially Piperacillin-Tazobactam, Vancomycin, then changed for Gentamicin (4 mg/kg/daily) and Imipenem (25 mg/kg 8 hourly) for 10 days | Full recovery |
| Buyukberber et al., 2021 [86] | 2020 | F/4yr old | Turkey | Previous urinary surgery | Urinary tract infection | Ceftazidime, Ciprofloxacin; Meropenem Piperacillin/tazobactam | Amikacin, Gentamicin, Imipenem, SXT | Amikacin Followed by Ceftazidime | Full recovery |
| Miloudi et al., 2021 [87] | 2020 | N/A/12 | Morocco | None | Acute appendicitis | Aminoglycosides, Amoxicillin/Clavulanic acid, 2nd, and 3rd generation Cephalosporins, Carbapenems, Colistin, Ticarcillin | Ciprofloxacin, Norfloxacin, SXT | Appendectomy and surgical drainage, Amoxicillin/Clavulanic acid (3 g/24 h for 15 days) | Full recovery |
| Ayhancı et al., 2021 [88] | 2021 | M/51 yr old | Turkey | None | Bacteriemia | Amikacin, Ciprofloxacin Gentamicin, Levofloxacin, Imipenem, Meropenem | N/A | Levofloxacin 500 mg/day w | Full recovery |
| Sammoni et al., 2022 [89] | 2022 | M/16 yr old | Syria | Burn victim | Sepsis | Colistin | N/A | Cefazolin and Ceftriaxone Followed by Colistin-amikacin for 14 days | Full recovery |
F—Female, M—Male, N/A—Not Available, SXT sulfamethoxazole-Trimethoprim. * Antibiotic susceptibility testing was carried out using a variety of methods, including disk diffusion testing, agar and broth dilution testing and E-testing methods.