Table 4.

Strategies to enhance berberine delivery.

Cancer	Types of Nanoparticles	Outcome	Refs.
Breast	Lyotropic liquid crystalline nanoparticles (LCNs)	LCNs could be a potential carrier for enhancing the solubility and thus improving the anticancer effect.	[250]
Nasopharyngeal	Folate acid modified chitosan nanoparticles berberine hydrochloride (BH/FA-CTS NPs)	BH/FA-CTS NPs indorsed apoptosis and necrosis of CNE-1 cells; BH/FA-CTS NPs showed notably higher tumor inhibition.	[251]
Liver	Folic acid targeting Janus gold mesoporous silica nanocarriers (FA-JGMSNs)	In vitro and in vivo experimental findings exhibited the highly effective antitumor effect, good biosafety, and the effective protection of normal tissue of this nanoplatform.	[252]
Breast	Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)	Berberine could be straightforwardly loaded to biogenic AgNPs and can assist as a potential anticancer agent for breast cancer.	[253]
Breast	BBR-AgNPs conjugated with polyethylene glycol-functionalized folic acid(FA- PEG): (FA-PEG@BBR-AgNPs)	Formulated nanomaterial can assist as a potential dug-discharging vehicle to battle cancer cells via molecular based targeting approach.	[254]
Tongue	Silver Nanoparticles	Silver particles at low doses therefore decrease the viability and proliferation of oral squamous cell carcinoma cells. SCC-25 cells are vulnerable to injury from AgNPs-induced stress, which can be controlled by the natural alkaloid berberine.	[255]
Breast/liver/lung	Solid lipid nanoparticle	Solid lipid nanoparticles formulation may serve as a new, simple, and effective system for the delivery of berberine hydrochloride.	[250]
	Solid lipid nanoparticles
Lung/skin	Lipid based nanoparticles	Moderately cytotoxic dose of BBM-NPs was able to significantly suppress the incidence of B16F10 cells lung metastasis in vivo. Suppression of primary B16F10 melanoma tumor growth in C57BL/6 mice model treated with BBM-NPs compared to that of native BBM.	[257]