Table 1.

Overview of the advantages and disadvantages of various methods for preparing PC microcapsules.

Method	Benefits	Drawbacks	Reference
Spray drying	Rapid, cost-effective, easy to scale up. C-PC retention, and relatively good storage stability.	Production of nonuniform particles with a wide size distribution. C-PC degradation and loss of product.	[19,20,21,22,23,24]
Electrospinning	Suitable for heat-sensitive compounds.	Slow, produces low encapsulation yield, and limited scope of application.	[25,26,27,28,29]
Electrospraying	Produces particles with a high surface-to-volume ratio, controlled release, improved functionality, and physical properties.	Time-consuming and hardly repeatable, especially at the industrial level.	[30,31,32]
Liposome delivery	Increased adsorption bioavailability, and nontoxic.	Low encapsulation efficiency. Lipid oxidation, poor physicochemical stability, and wide particle size distribution. Postprocess step is required.	[33,34,35,36,37]
Sharp-hole coagulation bath	High loading capacity, low temperature operating requirements, reduced evaporation losses of volatile compounds, and thermal degradation. Tailored release of active compounds.	Special instruments are required and are not suitable for large-scale industrial production.	[38,39,40,41,42]
Ion Gelation	Low cost and does not require advanced equipment, high temperatures, and organic solvents.	Produced particles are very sensitive to pH and ionic strength. Agglomeration of particles and particle size control.	[43,44,45,46,47,48,49]