Skip to main content
PMC home page
International Journal of Molecular Sciences logoLink to International Journal of Molecular Sciences
. 2022 Sep 19;23(18):10935. doi: 10.3390/ijms231810935

GmbZIP152, a Soybean bZIP Transcription Factor, Confers Multiple Biotic and Abiotic Stress Responses in Plant

Mengnan Chai 1,†, Rongbin Fan 1,†, Youmei Huang 2, Xiaohu Jiang 1, Myat Hnin Wai 1, Qi Yang 1, Han Su 2, Kaichuang Liu 2, Suzhuo Ma 2, Zhitao Chen 1, Fengjiao Wang 1, Yuan Qin 1,2,3,4,*, Hanyang Cai 2,*
Editors: Ioannis-Dimosthenis Adamakis, Kosmas Haralampidis
PMCID: PMC9505269  PMID: 36142886

Abstract

Soybean is one of the most important food crops in the world. However, with the environmental change in recent years, many environmental factors like drought, salinity, heavy metal, and disease seriously affected the growth and development of soybean, causing substantial economic losses. In this study, we screened a bZIP transcription factor gene, GmbZIP152, which is significantly induced by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (S. sclerotiorum), phytohormones, salt-, drought-, and heavy metal stresses in soybean. We found that overexpression of GmbZIP152 in Arabidopsis (OE-GmbZIP152) enhances the resistance to S. sclerotiorum and the tolerance of salt, drought, and heavy metal stresses compared to wild-type (WT). The antioxidant enzyme related genes (including AtCAT1, AtSOD, and AtPOD1) and their enzyme activities are induced by S. sclerotiorum, salt, drought, and heavy metal stress in OE-GmbZIP152 compared to WT. Furthermore, we also found that the expression level of biotic- and abiotic-related marker genes (AtLOX6, AtACS6, AtERF1, and AtABI2, etc.) were increased in OE-GmbZIP152 compared to WT under S. sclerotiorum and abiotic stresses. Moreover, we performed a Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay and found that GmbZIP152 could directly bind to promoters of ABA-, JA-, ETH-, and SA-induced biotic- and abiotic-related genes in soybean. Altogether, GmbZIP152 plays an essential role in soybean response to biotic and abiotic stresses.

Keywords: soybean, GmbZIP152, S. sclerotiorum, salt, drought, heavy meta

1. Introduction

Soybean is famous for its high content of oil and protein over the world. It is one of the most critical dicot crops and the primary source of edible vegetable oil and high-protein livestock feed [1]. However, many biotic and abiotic stresses seriously affect its growth and development [2,3]. Plants have evolved complex signaling transduction pathways and mechanisms to survive in extreme environments [4,5,6]. Transcription factors (TFs) affect the tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses through interacting with cis-elements in the promoter region of downstream genes to activate or repress their expression [7]. The basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factor is a large TF family in the plant. Members of bZIP have two conserved structures, (1) A DNA-binding region that includes 18 amino acid residues and contains an invariant motif N- × 7- R/K- × 9. (2) A leucine zipper region, used for recognition and dimerization, is composed by a heptad repeat of leucine or other bulky hydrophobic amino acids, which creates an amphipathic helix [8,9].

bZIP genes play essential roles in many biological processes, including plant growth, development, and flowering [10,11,12] in soybean. The bZIP transcription factor FDc1 affects node number, plant height, and flowering time by physically interacting with Dt1 in soybean [13]. GmbZIP5, as the additional cofactor of GmMYB176, controls isoflavonoid biosynthesis in soybean [14]. GmFT2a and GmFT5a induce the expression of floral identity genes in soybean through physical interaction with and transcriptional upregulation of the bZIP TF GmFDL19 [15]. bZIP proteins are also involved in biotic and abiotic stress responses. GmbZIP2, a drought stress-related gene in soybean, overexpression can enhance drought tolerance and salt tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis via improving the expression of the stress-responsive genes GmMYB48, GmWD40, GmDHN15, GmGST1 and GmLEA [16]. GmbZIP15 plays a positive role in pathogen resistance in soybean by relying on phytohormone signaling [17]. In addition, the overexpression of GmbZIP15 in soybean could reduce the tolerance to abiotic stresses associated with declined expression of stress-related genes, defective stomatal aperture regulation, and lower antioxidant enzyme activities [18]. GmbZIP19 can regulate disease defense and abiotic stress tolerance as a multi-functional TF in Arabidopsis [19]. We analyzed 160 full-length bZIP genes from soybean and found that at least 75.6% of bZIP genes displayed transcriptional changes after drought and flooding treatment [20]. Among these genes, the expression of GmbZIP152 was induced by multiple stress responses and has not been investigated yet [20].

In this study, we identified and cloned the GmbZIP152 from soybean. The expression profile indicated that the expression of GmbZIP152 was induced by S. sclerotiorum infection and the treatment of salt, drought, and heavy metal stresses. Furthermore, we found that OE-GmbZIP152 enhanced the resistance of S. sclerotiorum and the tolerance of salt, drought, and heavy metal stresses compared to wild-type (WT). In summary, our results verified that GmbZIP152 plays an important role in biotic and multiple abiotic stress responses. These results reveal that the GmbZIP152 gene may be necessary for developing and increasing production in soybean plants under long-term stress conditions.

2. Results

2.1. Bioinformatics Analysis of GmbZIP152

GmbZIP152 cDNA consists of 1266 bp (Figure S1A) and encodes a protein with a conserved bZIP domain (Figure S1B). The relative molecular mass is 16.93 kDa, and the theoretical isoelectric point (pI) is 5.21. According to the gene structure and conserved motif analyses, the genes without intron are classified into the subgroup S [9]. GmbZIP152 was categorized into subgroup S and has not been functionally characterized. The homologs of GmbZIP152 are GmbZIP33 from soybean (Glycine max), OsbZIP38 from rice (Oryza sativa), and AtbZIP53 from Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) (Figure S1C). Homology analysis shows that they share a conserved bZIP DNA-binding domain and a leucine zipper dimerization motif. The basic DNA binding region is conserved and contains a 52-amino acid long basic region (N-x7-R/K-x9). They all belong to the members of subgroup S. Among them, GmbZIP33 might be involved in the processes of abiotic stress [21]. OsbZIP38 was a molecular switch in low-temperature signaling [22]. AtbZIP53 was involved in the regulation of plant responses to abiotic stresses by affecting the transcriptional activation of proline dehydrogenase (ProDH), which was catalyzing the first step in proline degradation [23]. These researches suggest that GmbZIP152 possesses a potential function in response to abiotic stress.

2.2. Expression Profile of GmbZIP152 in Response to Various Stresses

Considering the potential involvement of GmbZIP152 in stress responses, we investigated the distribution of stress-related cis-elements in their promoter regions (2.5 kb region upstream of the transcription start site) using PlantCARE (http://bioinformatics.psb.ugent.be/webtools/plantcare/html/, accessed on 30 January 2020). GmbZIP152 possessed five stress response elements, G-box recognition site (CACGAC), involved in light-responsive element [24]; TC-rich repeat (G/ATTCTCT), involved in defense and stress response [25]; MYB (CAACTG), involved in drought-inducibility [26]; TCA-element (CCATCTTTTT), involved in salicylic acid responsiveness [27]; and CGTCA-motif (CGTCA), involved in the MeJA-responsiveness [28] (Figure S1D), indicating that expression of GmbZIP152 is associated with the biotic and abiotic stresses in plant development.

Two-week-old soybean seedlings were treated with various stresses, and the leaves were used to further explore and evaluate the function of GmbZIP152 using qRT-PCR. Our results showed that the expression of GmbZIP152 increased strikingly in response to all tested stimuli (Figure 1). Specifically, the expression of GmbZIP152 increased dramatically after hormone stimulation (Figure 1F–I). At the same time, the peak appeared at 12 h after ABA treatment (Figure 1G,H), 6h after ETH and MeJA treatment, and 24h after SA treatment. After the infection of S. sclerotiorum, the transcript level of GmbZIP152 repressed significantly within the first 24 but increased at 48 h (Figure 1A). Meanwhile, under salt treatment, the expression of GmbZIP152 increased within 12 h, followed by a decrease, and reached its maximum at 48 h. Further, GmbZIP152 mRNA accumulated and reached a maximum level of 24 h under drought stress. Copper and cadmium stresses induced GmbZIP152 transcripts and reached a maximum level at 48 h (Figure 1D,E). In addition, the expression of GmbZIP152 also was induced by NaCl, mannitol, heavy metals and hormones in the mature soybean leaves (Figure S2). These findings indicated that GmbZIP152 might regulate multiple stresses during soybean development.

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Open in a new tab

Expression pattern of the GmbZIP152 gene revealed by quantitative PCR analysis from different treatments in soybean. (A) Response of GmbZIP152 to pathogens infection in WT and GmbZIP152 transcript levels were detected by qPCR with Sclerotinia. sclerotiorum (S. sclerotiorum) infection at the different time points in soybean (B–E) GmbZIP152 expression in response to various abiotic stress treatments (150 mM NaCl, 400 mM Mannitol, 150 μM CuSO4, and 150 μM CdSO4). (F–I) GmbZIP152 expression in response to various hormone treatments [1.0 μM Abscisic acid (ABA), 150μM Methyl jasmonic acid (MeJA), 400 μM Ethylene (ETH), and 250 μM Salicylic acid (SA)]. Errors bars indicate ± SD of three biological replicates. Asterisks indicate significant differences for the indicated comparisons based on a Students’ t-test (** p < 0.01; 0.01 < * p < 0.05).

2.3. OE-GmbZIP152 Enhances Resistance to S. sclerotiorum Infection in Arabidopsis

In this experiment, we did the pathogenicity assay to investigate the GmbZIP152 gene response to the pathogen. The rosette leaves of three-week-old wild-type (WT) and overexpressed GmbZIP152 transgenic Arabidopsis plants (OE-GmbZIP152-2 and OE-GmbZIP152-5, two independent transgenic lines, OE-GmbZIP152) were inoculated with the same concentration of S. sclerotiorum for 12 h. After the inoculation treatment, we observed and calculated the relative lesion areas of infected leaves with Image J software. The results showed that the leaves of OE-GmbZIP152 plants significantly increased resistance to S. sclerotiorum than the WT (Figure 2A,C).

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Open in a new tab

Biotic stress analysis of GmbZIP152 transgenic Arabidopsis plants in response to Sclerotinia. sclerotiorum (S. sclerotiorum). (A,B) Phenotype observation of GmbZIP152 transgenic plants in response to S. sclerotiorum and Diaminobenzidine (DAB) staining. Bar = 1 cm. (C) Lesion area measurement. (D) The relative content H2O2. GmbZIP152 transgenic Arabidopsis plants (OE-GmbZIP152-2 and OE-GmbZIP152-5, two independent transgenic lines). The error bars indicate ± SD (n = 3 replicates). Asterisks indicate significant differences for the indicated comparisons based on a Students’ t-test (** p < 0.01).

Plants will produce a large amount of ROS under biotic and abiotic stresses, and the increase of ROS like H2O2 and O2− can significantly damage plant cells [17,29]. To confirm the biotic stress tolerance in OE-GmbZIP152 under S. sclerotiorum treatment, we used DAB staining to visualize H2O2 accumulation in three-week-old OE-GmbZIP152 and WT leaves after pathogen infection. And the OE-GmbZIP152 and WT leaves were decolorized using 75% alcohol (Figure 2B). In leaves of OE-GmbZIP152 plants, brown precipitates were substantially less than WT after being infected with fungus. The H2O2 content can indicate the degree of leaf damage (Figure 2D) [17]. The result indicates that OE-GmbZIP152 plants improved the tolerance to S. sclerotiorum.

2.4. OE-GmbZIP152 Confers Salt, Drought, Heavy Metal Tolerance and Decreased Sensitivity to Plant Hormones in Arabidopsis

The expression pattern of GmbZIP152 suggested that GmbZIP152 may play an important role in multiple stresses. To examine whether GmbZIP152 is involved in the processes of plant stress response, we handled OE-GmbZIP152 plants with three stress treatments (salt, drought, and heavy metals). The seeding of OE-GmbZIP152 and WT were planted in 1/2 MS media as the control group. We used the concentration of 100 and 150 mM NaCl to simulate salt treatment. Then, the medium containing 250 and 350 mM mannitol mimics drought treatment. CuSO4 and CdSO4 simulated heavy metal treatment. The results showed that there were no noticeable differences in the phenotype between OE-GmbZIP152 plants and WT plants in the control condition. However, when the OE-GmbZIP152 plants and WT plants were exposed to NaCl, mannitol, and heavy metal, the WT seedlings were severely repressed by all treatments compared to OE-GmbZIP152 plants (Figure 3). At the same time, the fresh weight (Figure 3B) and root length (Figure S3B) of WT were significantly decreased under 150 mM NaCl, 350 mM mannitol, 50 uM CuSO4, and 50 uM CdSO4 treatment. In addition, we continuously watered the three-week-old plants with 150 mM NaCl, 350 mM mannitol, 100 uM CuSO4, and 100 uM CdSO4 for 18 days. It was found that the leaves of WT plants gradually lost greenness, and the growing situation was severely inhibited (Figure S4). These results suggest that OE-GmbZIP152 seedlings showed higher tolerance than WT plants when it was exposed to salt, drought, and heavy metal stress.

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Open in a new tab

Phenotypic analysis of GmbZIP152 transgenic Arabidopsis plants in response to salt, drought, heavy metal, plant hormones treatment in Arabidopsis. (A) All the seeds were germinated on the 1/2 Murashige and Skoog Medium (MS) medium under normal conditions or supplemented with CK (Control check), NaCl (100 mM and 150 mM), mannitol (250 mM and 350 mM), CuSO4 (50 uM and 100 uM), CdSO4 (50 uM and 100 uM), ETH (400 uM), JA (200 uM), and ABA (1.0 uM) for 1 week (Scale bar, 1 cm). (B) Calculation of the seedlings’ fresh weights. GmbZIP152 transgenic Arabidopsis plants (OE-GmbZIP152-2 and OE-GmbZIP152-5, two independent transgenic lines). Abscisic acid (ABA), Methyl jasmonic acid (MeJA), Ethylene (ETH), and Salicylic acid (SA). Asterisks indicate significant differences for the indicated comparisons based on a student’s t-test (** p < 0.01; 0.01 < * p < 0.05).

To further assess the response of GmbZIP152 to plant hormone, seeds of OE-GmbZIP152-2 and OE-GmbZIP152-5 were planted on 400 uM ETH, 200 uM JA, and 1.0 uM ABA 1/2 MS agar medium for seven days. Under normal conditions, OE-GmbZIP152 plants were not different from WT. However, after being exposed to exogenous ETH, JA, and ABA, the transgenic plants suffered less impairment than WT plants. The root length and fresh weight of WT seedlings were decreased compared with OE-GmbZIP152 (Figure 3B and Figure S3B). These results showed that OE-GmbZIP152 plants are less sensitive than WT to plant hormones.

2.5. OE-GmbZIP152 Enhances Antioxidant Enzyme in Arabidopsis

To confirm the abiotic stress tolerance in transgenic lines under salt, drought, and heavy metal treatment for 24 h, we determined the activities of the three main antioxidant enzymes involved in ROS scavenging, including catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and peroxidase (POD). Under these treatments, the enzyme activities of CAT, SOD, and POD in OE-GmbZIP152 plants were significantly higher than those of WT plants (Figure 4A–C). In addition, the mRNA levels of AtCAT1, AtSOD, and AtPOD1 of OE-GmbZIP152 plants were also significantly higher than WT (Figure 4D–F). These results demonstrate that overexpression of GmbZIP152 improves resistance to salt, drought, and heavy metal stresses by increasing the expression levels of antioxidant enzyme corresponding genes.

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Open in a new tab

ROS scavenges enzyme activities of GmbZIP152 transgenic Arabidopsis plants under salt, drought, and heavy metal stresses. (A) catalase (CAT), (B) superoxide dismutase (SOD), and (C) peroxidase (POD) enzyme activity was directly determined from fresh leaves. The relative expression level of (D) AtCAT1, (E) AtSOD, and (F) AtPOD was analyzed by qRT-PCR. The error bars indicate ± SD (n = 3 replicates). GmbZIP152 transgenic Arabidopsis plants (OE-GmbZIP152-2 and OE-GmbZIP152-5, two independent transgenic lines). Asterisks indicate significant differences for the indicated comparisons based on a student’s t-test (** p < 0.01; 0.01 < * p < 0.05).

2.6. The Transcription Levels Analysis of Stress-Related Genes in OE-GmbZIP152 and WT Plants under Biotic and Abiotic Stresses

To further understand the causal factor behind the S. sclerotiorum, salt-, drought-, and heavy metal stresses high tolerance of OE-GmbZIP152 plants, we investigated the relative expression level of several known disease- (AtLOX6, AtACS6, AtERF1, and AtABA2) [30,31,32], salinity- (AtABF1, AtABI2, AtSOS, AtCOR6, AtSOD2, and AtHARDY) [33,34,35], drought- (AtABI2, AtABI5, AtABF1, AtMYB96, AtDREB2A, AtPUB19) [36,37], copper- (AtSIZ1, AtYSL3, AtHMA5, AtSOD, AtCOPT1, and AtSYT2) [38,39], and cadmium- (AtPCS1, AtPCS2, AtATM3, AtABCC1, AtABCC2, and AtGSH1) [40] responsive genes in three-week-old leaves of transgenic lines and WT by qRT-PCR, heatmap were generated based on qRT-PCR results. Our data proved that stresses-responsive gene expression levels were upregulated in leaves of transgenic lines when exposed to these stresses and higher than in WT (Figure 5). According to the analytical data from the above experiments, GmbZIP152 overexpressed could increase the tolerance of disease, salt, drought, and heavy metal stresses by upregulating biotic and abiotic stress relative genes.

Figure 5.

Figure 5

Open in a new tab

The expression profiles of stress−related genes in GmbZIP152 transgenic Arabidopsis plants and WT under disease, salt, drought, and heavy metal stresses. Heat−map was constructed from relative gene expression levels (qRT−PCR) under different stresses using TBtools. Sclerotinia. sclerotiorum (S. sclerotiorum), GmbZIP152 transgenic Arabidopsis plants (OE−GmbZIP152−2 and OE−GmbZIP152−5, two independent transgenic lines). The stars indicate that the expression of genes is different in OE−GmbZIP152 compared with WT at the same time. Asterisks indicate significant differences for the indicated comparisons based on a student’s t-test (** p < 0.01; 0.01 < * p < 0.05).

2.7. Transient Expression of GmbZIP152 Induces High Expression of Stress-Related Genes

In the GmbZIP152 soybean resistance pathway, Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) was performed using 35-GmbZIP152-GFP transient expression in two-week-old soybean. The transient overexpression levels of GmbZIP152 were examined using qRT-PCR (Figure S5). We examined the changes in the expression of biotic and abiotic stress-related genes. The biotic stress-related genes include the GmNPR3 and GmPR1, GmCOI1, GmETR1, GmERF7, and GmRD22 (Figure 6A). The abiotic stress-related genes include GmABI5, GmBIP, GmDREB1B, GmERD1, GmETR2, GmEIN2, GmPR2, and GmSOD (Figure 6B). They were also related to ABA (GmRD22 and GmABI5), JA (GmCOI1), ETH (GmETR1, GmETR2, GmERF7, and GmEIN2), and SA (GmNPR3, GmPR1, and GmPR2) signaling pathways. We designed the primers at both ends of the cis-acting element G-box of the relevant gene promoter, and ChIP-qPCR detected the expression levels of related genes. The results showed that the relative transcript levels of GmERD1, GmEIN2, GmPR2, and GmETR1, increased continuously during transient expression of GmbZIP152. This indicated that transient GmbZIP152 overexpression could enhance the resistance to disease infection and tolerance of abiotic stresses.

Figure 6.

Figure 6

Open in a new tab

The Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) result of GmbZIP152 transient expressing soybean. (A) ChIP-qPCR analysis of GmbZIP152 binding to biotic stress-related genes using GFP antibody and 35S-GmbZIP152-GFP transient expressing soybean. (B) ChIP-qPCR analysis of GmbZIP152 binding to abiotic stress-related genes using GFP antibody and 35S-GmbZIP152-GFP transient expressing soybean. Three independent biological replicates were performed. The error bars indicate ± SD (n = 3 replicates). Asterisks indicate significant differences for the indicated comparisons based on a student’s t-test (** p < 0.01; 0.01 < * p < 0.05).

3. Discussion

Soybean is broadly used as edible oil, animal feed protein concentrates, and various industrial products. Climate variability has a big impact on crop yields [41]. Soybean production significantly losses yearly due to biotic and abiotic stresses during the growth process [42]. Nowadays, the human population is large and large, and the environmental condition has changed daily; therefore, improving soybean yield quality is an urgent problem to solve. The bZIP gene family is one of the largest transcription factor families in the plant. Many studies have shown the bZIP family of different crops like rice [43], soybean [16], cotton [44], and maize [45] have different ways of responding to biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, we identified and cloned the GmbZIP152 gene from soybean and analyzed the function of this gene.

Transcriptional factors regulate the transcription of downstream genes through binding to cis-element in the promoter region. For example, bHLH106 confers salt tolerance on Arabidopsis by directly binding to the G-box in the target genes [24]. MYB recognition site is the binding site for the MYB transcription factor, which is involved in plant disease stress [46]. Our results showed that the promoter of GmbZIP152 has an abundance of stress-responsive cis-element in the 2500 bp promoter region, such as G-Box recognition site, MYB recognition site, TC-rich repeats, TCA-element, and CGTCA-motif (Figure S1). Cis-elements analysis suggests that GmbZIP152 may be regulated by disease defense, salt, drought, and other stress responses. The expression changes of GmbZIP152 in soybean leaves under different biotic and abiotic treatments were evaluated to test this hypothesis. Our result showed that GmbZIP152 responses to salt, drought, heavy metal (CuSO4 and CdSO4) stresses, and phytohormones (ABA, ETH, MeJA, and SA) (Figure 1), suggesting that GmbZIP152 may involve in stress responses. Therefore, to clarify the potential function of GmbZIP152 in response to different stresses, we overexpressed GmbZIP152 in Arabidopsis and revealed that OE-GmbZIP152 plants increased resistance to S. sclerotiorum, high salinity, drought, and heavy metal, significantly.

Plant growth is greatly affected by combinate environmental stresses such as diseases, high salt, drought, and heavy metal. To adapt to the environment, plants derive several strategies, including the induction of antioxidant enzymes, plant hormones, and regulatory genes [47]. Previous research has shown that ETH and JA signaling pathways are considered the main pathways for plants to resist biological invasion, and ABA participates in the immune response of plants via regulating the ET/JA signaling pathway [48]. Overexpression of jasmonate-responsive OsbHLH034 can increase the tolerance to bacterial blight in rice [49]. The expression of GmbZIP152 in WT soybean was induced by ABA, SA, JA, and ETH (Figure 1F–I), and OE-GmbZIP152 plants were less sensitive to exogenous hormones than WT (Figure 3). We detected the expression of marker genes for multiple hormones in OE-GmbZIP152 and WT plants under S. sclerotiorum treatment. Among these genes, AtLOX6, a JA biosynthetic gene, has been reported to function in response to stress resistance [32]. ERF1 and ABI2, which participate in the ETH or ABA signaling pathways, were upregulated in OE-GmbZIP152 leaves upon S. sclerotiorum inoculation. These further confirmed the involvement of phytohormone signaling in regulating GmbZIP152-mediated pathogen resistance. Numerous studies have shown that hormones are essential in the process of bZIP transcription factors improving tolerance to abiotic stress. Overexpression of StbZIP65 in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) enhanced salt tolerance by affecting JA signaling [50]. CaDILZ1, a member of the Capsicum annuum bZIP protein family, exhibited drought-tolerant phenotypes via ABA-mediated drought stress signaling in Arabidopsis plants [51]. In our study, the expression of GmbZIP152 was increased by salt, drought, and heavy metal (Figure 1B–E), suggesting that GmbZIP152 is involved in the abiotic response. Our phenotypic analysis showed that the tolerance of salt, drought, and heavy metal were significantly increased in OE-GmbZIP152 plants compared to WT (Figure 3 and Figure S3). From the results of qRT-PCR, the expression of ABA-responsive marker genes, AtABI2, AtABI5, and AtABF1, were increased under salt and drought (Figure 5). These results suggested that GmbZIP152 responds to biotic and abiotic stresses by involving the hormone-responsive pathways.

Reactive oxygen (ROS) is the key signaling molecule produced under biotic and abiotic stress conditions and triggers various plant defense responses [52]. Studies have shown that plants will produce excessive ROS (H2O2 and O2−) after being subjected to a different stress condition, which affects the growth, development, and yield of plants [53,54]. To neutralize excess ROS under stress conditions, plants have synthesized several antioxidants, such as SOD, POD, and CAT, to scavenge ROS and restore cellular redox homeostasis [55,56,57,58,59]. Our results showed that the H2O2 content of OE-GmbZIP152 plants was less than WT plants under S. sclerotiorum treatment. And the activities of CAT, SOD, and POD were activated in OE-GmbZIP152 plants under salt, drought, copper, and cadmium stress (Figure 4A–C), indicating that enhanced ROS scavenging capability of OE-GmbZIP152 plants in comparison to WT plants. To understand the regulatory function of GmbZIP152, we check the transcript levels of antioxidant genes (AtCAT1, AtSOD, and AtPOD1). The qRT-PCR results showed that the expression levels of these genes were higher in the OE-GmbZIP152 leaves compared to WT leaves under stress conditions. Therefore, we hypothesized that GmbZIP152 regulates the activity of the ROS-scavenging enzyme by affecting the transcript level of the antioxidant genes.

Moreover, we performed qRT-PCR to investigate the expression level of several stress-related genes in OE-GmbZIP152 plants and WT controls (Figure 5). In our study, the expression levels of various stress-responsive genes, for example, AtHARDY, AtDREB2A, AtPUB19, AtCOPT1, GmSYT2, AtGSH1, and AtPCS1 et al., were significantly higher in OE-GmbZIP152 plants than those in WT plants under normal or stress conditions. These findings indicated that GmbZIP152 affects plant stress tolerance by altering the expression of stress-related genes.

To further explore the stress resistance of OE-GmbZIP152 in soybean, we screened out hormone-associated stress-related through previous reports. For example, Ding et al. stated that NPR3, a SA receptor plays a key role in transcriptional regulation of SA-induced defense gene expression [60]. PR2 comprised an important component in the SA defense signaling pathway as an SA-responsive gene [61]. COI1, encoding a F-box protein, was involved in regulating the wounding response through JA-related processes [62]. GmRD22 is up-regulated by drought-, salinity-stress and exogenously supplied ABA [63]. GmBIP, is a molecular chaperone that increases drought tolerance in soybean by delaying leaf senescence [64]. GmSOD participates in encoding the antioxidant enzyme [65]. In the result of ChIP-qPCR, GmbZIP152 directly binds to the promoter of GmABI5 and GmSOD. These genes were also differentially regulated in the OE-GmbZIP152 lines (Figure 5). The ChIP-qPCR analysis showed that GmbZIP152 directly binds to the promoter of hormone-, stress-, and antioxidant enzyme-related genes in soybean (Figure 6). These results are similar to the function of GmbZIP152 in Arabidopsis, indicating that GmbZIP152 may as a positive regulator in soybean response to abiotic and biotic stresses.

In general, our results show that GmbZIP152 is a multi-functional transcription factor, which involves in disease defense and abiotic stress tolerance by regulating phytohormone-responsive genes, biotic and abiotic stress-responsive genes, and the antioxidant enzyme activities (Figure 7). As a result of the ChIP-qPCR, GmbZIP152 directly binds to the promoter of many hormone-related genes (Figure 6). It suggested that GmbZIP152 can directly regulate the tolerance of biotic and abiotic by the hormone signaling pathway. And GmbZIP152 directly regulates the antioxidant enzyme activities of SOD by GmSOD (Figure 6), but the antioxidant enzyme activities of CAT and POD are indirectly affected. In addition, GmbZIP152 improve the biotic and abiotic stress tolerance by indirectly regulating the biotic- and abiotic-related genes (Figure 5). However, much more work needs to be conducted to deeply understand the other components and molecular mechanisms that interact with the functions of the underlying GmbZIP152 under biotic and abiotic stress in the future.

Figure 7.

Figure 7

Open in a new tab

A schematic model of GmbZIP152 mediated biotic- and abiotic-stress tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis. GmbZIP152 positively modulates the biotic- and abiotic-stress tolerance: GmbZIP152 positively regulates the expression of antioxidant enzyme, hormone, biotic, and abiotic-related genes. The dashed lines indicate indirect regulation, and solid lines indicate direct regulation. The arrows indicate induction or positive modulation.

4. Materials and Methods

4.1. GmbZIP152 Gene Isolation, Vector Construction, and Arabidopsis Transformation

We used an RNA extraction kit (Omega Bio-Tek, Shanghai, China) to extract total RNA from the leaves of William 82 (Glycine max). The cDNA was synthesized using PrimerScriptTMRTase (TaKaRa Biotechnology, Beijing, China), according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The full length of grape GmbZIP152 (Glyma.19G216200) open reading frame (ORF) was amplified by PCR using gene-specific primers (Supplemental Table S1). The PCR product was cloned into the pGWB 605 vector, and the plasmid (pGWB605-GmbZIP152) was sequenced to confirm sequence fidelity.

The plasmid with the targeted gene was introduced into A.tumefaciens strain GV3101 via electroporation and transformed into A. thaliana by using the floral dip method [66]. T0 seeds were harvested and sown on the soil. After one week, we used 0.1% glufosinate ammonium (LIER-Chemical, Mianyang, China) to screen transgenic lines. We selected two lines (GmbZIP152-2 and GmbZIP152-5) from 10 independent lines, and three-week-old T3 homozygous lines were generated and used for all further experiments. The relative expression level of GmbZIP152 was examined in Arbidopsis using qRT-PCR (Figure S5).

4.2. Cis-Element Analysis of GmbZIP152 Promoters

The 2.5 kb upstream sequence of the GmbZIP152 was retrieved from the Phytozome V12.1 (https://phytozome.jgi.doe.gov/pz/portal.html, accessed on 30 January 2020) and then submitted to Plant Cis-Acting Regulatory Element (PlantCARE, http://bioinformatics.psb.ugent.be/webtools/plantcare/html/, accessed on 30 January 2020) [67] to detect the presence of the following five regulatory elements [68] (Supplemental Table S2): G-box (CACGAC); TC-rich repeats (G/ATTCTCT); MYB (CAACTG); TCA-element (CCATCTTTTT); CGTCA-motif (CGTCA).

4.3. Plant Growth Conditions

Arabidopsis thaliana plants were grown on soil mixture 2:1 (v/v) peat moss: perlite in plastic pots in a greenhouse under the following conditions: 22 °C, 65% humidity, and a 16-h light/8-h dark photoperiod. Soybean (William 82) seeds were sown in soil and the photoperiod was 16 h light/8 h dark at 25 °C in a greenhouse.

Seeds from each of two selected T3 OE-GmbZIP152 lines and WT were sterilized in 95% ethanol for 5 min and then treated with 75% ethanol for 15 min, followed by four washes with sterilized distilled water. The seeds were then plated on 1/2 MS medium. After 7-days, transgenic and WT seedlings were transferred into the compost soil and used for further experiments.

4.4. Stress Tolerance Assays and Measurements of Physiological Indices

In preparation for the germination assays, ~100 seeds were surface-sterilized and sown on MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of NaCl (100 mM and 150 mM), mannitol (250 mM and 300 mM), CuSO4 (50 uM and 100 uM), CdSO4 (50 uM and 100 uM), ETH (400 uM), JA (200 uM), and ABA (1.0 uM). Seeds were vernalized at 4 °C for 3 days before growing in a growth chamber. The root length and fresh weight were measured on day 7 after growing.

For the plant growth assays, 7-day-old OE-GmbZIP152 and WT seedlings were transferred into the compost soil. We treated three-week-old WT and OE-GmbZIP152 plants with NaCl (100 mM and 150 mM), mannitol (250 mM and 300 mM), CuSO4 (50 uM and 100 uM), and CdSO4 (50 uM and 100 uM) for 18 days and measured the plant height. All experiments were repeated three times.

To explore the expression profile of GmbZIP152, two-week-old soybean seedling leaves were infected with S. sclerotiorum and seedlings were treated with 150 mM NaCl for salt conditions, 400 mM mannitol for drought conditions, 150 uM CuSO4, and 150 uM CdSO4 for heavy metal conditions, 400 uM ETH, 150 uM JA, 1.0 uM ABA, and 250 uM SA. In addition, the eight-week-old mature soybean was treated with NaCl, mannitol, CuSO4, CdSO4, ETH, JA, ABA, and SA. The leaves detected the expression level of GmbZIP152.

The three-week-old plants were treated with SOD, CAT, and POD Activity Detection kit (Solarbio, Beijing, China) for 24 h to measure the physiological indices, according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

4.5. Pathogens and Inoculation Procedures

For S. sclerotiorum treatments, the fungal strains preserved at 4 °C were subcultured on potato dextrose agar medium for two days first. Then, we excised the new marginal hyphae using a 7 mm puncher and closely upended them onto the surface of leaves from three-week-old plants. The inoculated leaves were placed in a square petri dish and transferred into a growth chamber that allowed disease symptoms development. The disease spot area was measured after 2 days using ImageJ [69]. All experiments were repeated three times.

4.6. RNA Extraction and Quantitative Real-Time PCR

Samples were collected after treatment, and two independent seedlings were randomly harvested and frozen by liquid nitrogen immediately, then stored at −80 °C store for RNA extraction. Total RNA was extracted using the RNA plant extraction Kit (Omega Bio-Tek, Shanghai, China) following the manufacturer’s protocol. The obtained RNA concentrations range from 100 to 500 ng/μL, and the OD260/OD280 ratios ranged from 1.8 to 2.0. According to the supplier’s instructions to use AMV reverse transcriptase (Takara), 1 μg of purified total RNA was reverse transcribed to cDNA in a 20 μL reaction volume [70]. Subsequent quantitative real-time PCR was performed with gene specific primers according to the manufacturer’s instructions on the Bio-Rad Real-time PCR system (Foster City, CA, USA). The specific primers used in this experiment are given in Supplemental Table S3. The PCR program was set: 95 °C for 30 s; 40 cycles of 95 °C for 5 s and 60 °C for 34 s; 95 °C for 15 s. In each case, three technical replicates and at least three independent biological replicates were performed [20,71]. Relative expression was calculated using the 2-ΔΔCt method [72]. Data were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) (Supplemental Tables S4 and S5).

4.7. Transient GmbZIP152 Expression Assay

GV3101 carrying the pGWB 605-GmbZIP152 vector was cultured to OD600 = 1.0 induction medium [10 mM ethanesulfonic acid (pH 5.7), 10 mM MgCl2, 200 mM acetosyringone] and diluted to OD600 = 0.8. This was injected into two-week-old soybean leaves (William 82) and transferred to soybean plants into a growth chamber for 2 days. The injected leaves were then harvested for further use.

4.8. Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) Analysis

For the Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) experiment, approximately 4 g of two-week-old soybean leaves transiently overexpressing GmbZIP152 were used. Samples were formaldehyde cross-linked [69]. Crosslinked chromatin was fragmented with 0.2 units of micrococcal nuclease (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) in 1 mL of MNase digestion buffer [10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0), 50 mM NaCl, 1 mM β-mercaptoethanol, 0.1% NP-40, 1 mM CaCl2, and protease inhibitor cocktail (Roche)]. Chromation stopped digestion using 5 mM EDTA. ChIP was performed using an anti-GFP antibody (Abcam, Cambridge, U.K.). Relative enrichment of associated DNA fragments was analyzed by qPCR. All primers used in the ChIP experiments are given in Supplemental Table S6. Each ChIP experiment was repeated twice, and the presented data are from one representative experiment.

5. Conclusions

In this study, we cloned and characterized soybean GmbZIP152. Our results showed that overexpression of GmbZIP152 will increase resistance to disease infection and tolerance of abiotic stresses by regulating phytohormone-responsive genes, biotic and abiotic stress-responsive genes, and the antioxidant enzyme activities. These findings deepen the understanding of the role of the soybean GmbZIP152 transcription factor in the molecular mechanisms of complex biotic and abiotic stress. They provided a theoretical basis for the functional characterization of GmbZIP152 genes in different plant species.

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank the reviewers for their helpful comments on the original manuscript.

Supplementary Materials

The supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/ijms231810935/s1.

Click here for additional data file. (854.5KB, zip)

Author Contributions

Data curation, Y.H. and X.J.; Formal analysis, M.H.W., Q.Y., H.S., K.L., S.M., Z.C. and F.W.; Writing—original draft, M.C. and R.F.; Writing—review and editing, Y.Q. and H.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Data Availability Statement

All data analyzed during this study are included in this article and its additional files.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Funding Statement

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32170352 and 31970333), the Science and Technology Program of Fujian Province (2019N5008), the Science and Technology Major Project of Guangxi (Gui Ke 2018-266-Z01 and AA22067096); Project of Guangxi featured fruit innovation team on pineapple breeding and cultivation post under national modern agricultural industry technology system (nycytxgxcxtd-17-05), a Guangxi Distinguished Experts Fellowship to Y.Q., the Excellent Youth Foundation of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University to H.C. (xjq202108), the Science and technology innovation project of Pingtan Science and Technology Research Institute (PT2021007 and PT2021003), and the Excellent Youth Foundation of Fujian Province to H.C. (2022J06014).

Footnotes

Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

References

  • 1.Ranjan A., Westrick N.M., Jain S., Piotrowski J.S., Ranjan M., Kessens R., Stiegman L., Grau C.R., Conley S.P., Smith D.L., et al. Resistance against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in soybean involves a reprogramming of the phenylpropanoid pathway and up-regulation of antifungal activity targeting ergosterol biosynthesis. Plant Biotechnol. J. 2019;17:1567–1581. doi: 10.1111/pbi.13082. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 2.Krasensky J., Jonak C. Drought, salt, and temperature stress-induced metabolic rearrangements and regulatory networks. J. Exp. Bot. 2012;63:1593–1608. doi: 10.1093/jxb/err460. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 3.Huang G.T., Ma S.L., Bai L.P., Zhang L., Ma H., Jia P., Liu J., Zhong M., Guo Z.F. Signal transduction during cold, salt, and drought stresses in plants. Mol. Biol. Rep. 2012;39:969–987. doi: 10.1007/s11033-011-0823-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 4.Zhao M.J., Yin L.J., Ma J., Zheng J.C., Wang Y.X., Lan J.H., Fu J.D., Chen M., Xu Z.S., Ma Y.Z. The Roles of GmERF135 in Improving Salt Tolerance and Decreasing ABA Sensitivity in Soybean. Front. Plant Sci. 2019;10:940. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00940. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 5.Huang Y., Jiao Y., Xie N., Guo Y., Zhang F., Xiang Z., Wang R., Wang F., Gao Q., Tian L., et al. OsNCED5, a 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase gene, regulates salt and water stress tolerance and leaf senescence in rice. Plant Sci. 2019;287:110188. doi: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110188. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 6.Ku Y.S., Sintaha M., Cheung M.Y., Lam H.M. Plant Hormone Signaling Crosstalks between Biotic and Abiotic Stress Responses. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018;19:3206. doi: 10.3390/ijms19103206. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 7.Agarwal P.K., Agarwal P., Reddy M.K., Sopory S.K. Role of DREB transcription factors in abiotic and biotic stress tolerance in plants. Plant Cell Rep. 2006;25:1263–1274. doi: 10.1007/s00299-006-0204-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 8.Landschulz W.H., Johnson P.F., McKnight S.L. The leucine zipper: A hypothetical structure common to a new class of DNA binding proteins. Science. 1988;240:1759–1764. doi: 10.1126/science.3289117. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 9.Jakoby M., Weisshaar B., Droge-Laser W., Vicente-Carbajosa J., Tiedemann J., Kroj T., Parcy F., bZIP Research Group bZIP transcription factors in Arabidopsis. Trends Plant Sci. 2002;7:106–111. doi: 10.1016/S1360-1385(01)02223-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 10.Yoon H.S., Fujino K., Liu S., Takano T., Tsugama D. VIP1, a bZIP protein, interacts with the catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 2A in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Signal. Behav. 2020;15:1706026. doi: 10.1080/15592324.2019.1706026. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 11.Tsugama D., Yoon H.S., Fujino K., Liu S., Takano T. Protein phosphatase 2A regulates the nuclear accumulation of the Arabidopsis bZIP protein VIP1 under hypo-osmotic stress. J. Exp. Bot. 2019;70:6101–6112. doi: 10.1093/jxb/erz384. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 12.Lozano-Sotomayor P., Chavez Montes R.A., Silvestre-Vano M., Herrera-Ubaldo H., Greco R., Pablo-Villa J., Galliani B.M., Diaz-Ramirez D., Weemen M., Boutilier K., et al. Altered expression of the bZIP transcription factor DRINK ME affects growth and reproductive development in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J. 2016;88:437–451. doi: 10.1111/tpj.13264. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 13.Yue L., Li X., Fang C., Chen L., Yang H., Yang J., Chen Z., Nan H., Chen L., Zhang Y., et al. FT5a interferes with the Dt1-AP1 feedback loop to control flowering time and shoot determinacy in soybean. J. Integr. Plant Biol. 2021;63:1004–1020. doi: 10.1111/jipb.13070. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 14.Anguraj Vadivel A.K., McDowell T., Renaud J.B., Dhaubhadel S. A combinatorial action of GmMYB176 and GmbZIP5 controls isoflavonoid biosynthesis in soybean (Glycine max) Commun. Biol. 2021;4:356. doi: 10.1038/s42003-021-01889-6. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 15.Nan H., Cao D., Zhang D., Li Y., Lu S., Tang L., Yuan X., Liu B., Kong F. GmFT2a and GmFT5a redundantly and differentially regulate flowering through interaction with and upregulation of the bZIP transcription factor GmFDL19 in soybean. PLoS ONE. 2014;9:e97669. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097669. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 16.Yang Y., Yu T.F., Ma J., Chen J., Zhou Y.B., Chen M., Ma Y.Z., Wei W.L., Xu Z.S. The Soybean bZIP Transcription Factor Gene GmbZIP2 Confers Drought and Salt Resistances in Transgenic Plants. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020;21:670. doi: 10.3390/ijms21020670. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 17.Zhang M., Liu Y., Li Z., She Z., Chai M., Aslam M., He Q., Huang Y., Chen F., Chen H., et al. The bZIP transcription factor GmbZIP15 facilitates resistance against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Phytophthora sojae infection in soybean. iScience. 2021;24:102642. doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102642. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 18.Zhang M., Liu Y., Cai H., Guo M., Chai M., She Z., Ye L., Cheng Y., Wang B., Qin Y. The bZIP Transcription Factor GmbZIP15 Negatively Regulates Salt- and Drought-Stress Responses in Soybean. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020;21:7778. doi: 10.3390/ijms21207778. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 19.He Q., Cai H., Bai M., Zhang M., Chen F., Huang Y., Priyadarshani S., Chai M., Liu L., Liu Y., et al. A Soybean bZIP Transcription Factor GmbZIP19 Confers Multiple Biotic and Abiotic Stress Responses in Plant. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020;21:4701. doi: 10.3390/ijms21134701. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 20.Zhang M., Liu Y., Shi H., Guo M., Chai M., He Q., Yan M., Cao D., Zhao L., Cai H., et al. Evolutionary and expression analyses of soybean basic Leucine zipper transcription factor family. BMC Genom. 2018;19:159. doi: 10.1186/s12864-018-4511-6. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 21.Bai L., Liu W., Wang Z., Wang W., Wu C., Feng Y. Cloning of GmbZIP33 Promoter from Soybean and Its Transient Expreddion Analysis in Arabidopsis thaliana. Soybean Sci. 2019;38:511–516. [Google Scholar]
  • 22.Shimizu H., Sato K., Berberich T., Miyazaki A., Ozaki R., Imai R., Kusano T. LIP19, a basic region leucine zipper protein, is a Fos-like molecular switch in the cold signaling of rice plants. Plant Cell Physiol. 2005;46:1623–1634. doi: 10.1093/pcp/pci178. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 23.Weltmeier F., Ehlert A., Mayer C.S., Dietrich K., Wang X., Schutze K., Alonso R., Harter K., Vicente-Carbajosa J., Droge-Laser W. Combinatorial control of Arabidopsis proline dehydrogenase transcription by specific heterodimerisation of bZIP transcription factors. EMBO J. 2006;25:3133–3143. doi: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601206. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 24.Ahmad A., Niwa Y., Goto S., Ogawa T., Shimizu M., Suzuki A., Kobayashi K., Kobayashi H. bHLH106 Integrates Functions of Multiple Genes through Their G-Box to Confer Salt Tolerance on Arabidopsis. PLoS ONE. 2015;10:e0126872. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126872. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 25.Zhang Y., Yan H., Li Y., Xiong Y., Niu M., Zhang X., da Silva J.A.T., Ma G. Molecular Cloning and Functional Analysis of 1-Deoxy-D-Xylulose 5-Phosphate Reductoisomerase from Santalum album. Genes. 2021;12:626. doi: 10.3390/genes12050626. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 26.Wang X., Niu Y., Zheng Y. Multiple Functions of MYB Transcription Factors in Abiotic Stress Responses. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021;22:6125. doi: 10.3390/ijms22116125. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 27.Modarresi M., Eyvazi A. Bioinformatical evaluation of desiccation-responsive rd29A gene in Arabidopsis thaliana. Pak. J. Biol. Sci. 2014;17:80–85. doi: 10.3923/pjbs.2014.80.85. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 28.Fink J.S., Verhave M., Kasper S., Tsukada T., Mandel G., Goodman R.H. The CGTCA sequence motif is essential for biological activity of the vasoactive intestinal peptide gene cAMP-regulated enhancer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1988;85:6662–6666. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.18.6662. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 29.Xiong L., Schumaker K.S., Zhu J.K. Cell signaling during cold, drought, and salt stress. Plant Cell. 2002;14:S165–S183. doi: 10.1105/tpc.000596. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 30.Cai J., Liu T., Li Y., Ow D.W. A C-terminal fragment of Arabidopsis OXIDATIVE STRESS 2 can play a positive role in salt tolerance. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2021;556:23–30. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.03.127. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 31.Xiang S., Wu S., Zhang H., Mou M., Chen Y., Li D., Wang H., Chen L., Yu D. The PIFs Redundantly Control Plant Defense Response against Botrytis cinerea in Arabidopsis. Plants. 2020;9:1246. doi: 10.3390/plants9091246. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 32.Grebner W., Stingl N.E., Oenel A., Mueller M.J., Berger S. Lipoxygenase6-dependent oxylipin synthesis in roots is required for abiotic and biotic stress resistance of Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 2013;161:2159–2170. doi: 10.1104/pp.113.214544. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 33.Wu M., Liu H., Han G., Cai R., Pan F., Xiang Y. A moso bamboo WRKY gene PeWRKY83 confers salinity tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis plants. Sci. Rep. 2017;7:11721. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-10795-z. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 34.Abogadallah G.M., Nada R.M., Malinowski R., Quick P. Overexpression of HARDY, an AP2/ERF gene from Arabidopsis, improves drought and salt tolerance by reducing transpiration and sodium uptake in transgenic Trifolium alexandrinum L. Plants. 2011;233:1265–1276. doi: 10.1007/s00425-011-1382-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 35.Chen T., Liu J., Lei G., Liu Y.F., Li Z.G., Tao J.J., Hao Y.J., Cao Y.R., Lin Q., Zhang W.K., et al. Effects of tobacco ethylene receptor mutations on receptor kinase activity, plant growth and stress responses. Plant Cell Physiol. 2009;50:1636–1650. doi: 10.1093/pcp/pcp107. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 36.Lee H.G., Park M.E., Park B.Y., Kim H.U., Seo P.J. The Arabidopsis MYB96 Transcription Factor Mediates ABA-Dependent Triacylglycerol Accumulation in Vegetative Tissues under Drought Stress Conditions. Plants. 2019;8:296. doi: 10.3390/plants8090296. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 37.Ahn M.Y., Oh T.R., Seo D.H., Kim J.H., Cho N.H., Kim W.T. Arabidopsis group XIV ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes AtUBC32, AtUBC33, and AtUBC34 play negative roles in drought stress response. J. Plant Physiol. 2018;230:73–79. doi: 10.1016/j.jplph.2018.08.010. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 38.Li Y., Iqbal M., Zhang Q., Spelt C., Bliek M., Hakvoort H.W.J., Quattrocchio F.M., Koes R., Schat H. Two Silene vulgaris copper transporters residing in different cellular compartments confer copper hypertolerance by distinct mechanisms when expressed in Arabidopsis thaliana. New Phytol. 2017;215:1102–1114. doi: 10.1111/nph.14647. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 39.Conte S.S., Chu H.H., Rodriguez D.C., Punshon T., Vasques K.A., Salt D.E., Walker E.L. Arabidopsis thaliana Yellow Stripe1-Like4 and Yellow Stripe1-Like6 localize to internal cellular membranes and are involved in metal ion homeostasis. Front. Plant Sci. 2013;4:283. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00283. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 40.Meng Y.T., Zhang X.L., Wu Q., Shen R.F., Zhu X.F. Transcription factor ANAC004 enhances Cd tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana by regulating cell wall fixation, translocation and vacuolar detoxification of Cd, ABA accumulation and antioxidant capacity. J. Hazard. Mater. 2022;436:129121. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129121. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 41.Liu L., Basso B. Impacts of climate variability and adaptation strategies on crop yields and soil organic carbon in the US Midwest. PLoS ONE. 2020;15:e0225433. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225433. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 42.Jumrani K., Bhatia V.S., Pandey G.P. Impact of elevated temperatures on specific leaf weight, stomatal density, photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence in soybean. Photosynth. Res. 2017;131:333–350. doi: 10.1007/s11120-016-0326-y. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 43.Liu C., Mao B., Ou S., Wang W., Liu L., Wu Y., Chu C., Wang X. Correction to: OsbZIP71, a bZIP transcription factor, confers salinity and drought tolerance in rice. Plant Mol. Biol. 2018;97:467–468. doi: 10.1007/s11103-018-0745-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 44.Kerr T.C.C., Abdel-Mageed H., Aleman L., Lee J., Payton P., Cryer D., Allen R.D. Ectopic expression of two AREB/ABF orthologs increases drought tolerance in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) Plant Cell Environ. 2018;41:898–907. doi: 10.1111/pce.12906. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 45.Zong N., Wang H., Li Z., Ma L., Xie L., Pang J., Fan Y., Zhao J. Maize NCP1 negatively regulates drought and ABA responses through interacting with and inhibiting the activity of transcription factor ABP9. Plant Mol. Biol. 2020;102:339–357. doi: 10.1007/s11103-019-00951-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 46.Bian S., Jin D., Sun G., Shan B., Zhou H., Wang J., Zhai L., Li X. Characterization of the soybean R2R3-MYB transcription factor GmMYB81 and its functional roles under abiotic stresses. Gene. 2020;753:144803. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.144803. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 47.Tang X., Mu X., Shao H., Wang H., Brestic M. Global plant-responding mechanisms to salt stress: Physiological and molecular levels and implications in biotechnology. Crit. Rev. Biotechnol. 2015;35:425–437. doi: 10.3109/07388551.2014.889080. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 48.Li N., Han X., Feng D., Yuan D., Huang L.J. Signaling Crosstalk between Salicylic Acid and Ethylene/Jasmonate in Plant Defense: Do We Understand What They Are Whispering? Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019;20:671. doi: 10.3390/ijms20030671. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 49.Onohata T., Gomi K. Overexpression of jasmonate-responsive OsbHLH034 in rice results in the induction of bacterial blight resistance via an increase in lignin biosynthesis. Plant Cell Rep. 2020;39:1175–1184. doi: 10.1007/s00299-020-02555-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 50.Zhao P., Ye M., Wang R., Wang D., Chen Q. Systematic identification and functional analysis of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) bZIP transcription factors and overexpression of potato bZIP transcription factor StbZIP-65 enhances salt tolerance. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2020;161:155–167. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.032. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 51.Lim C.W., Baek W., Lee S.C. Roles of pepper bZIP protein CaDILZ1 and its interacting partner RING-type E3 ligase CaDSR1 in modulation of drought tolerance. Plant J. 2018;96:452–467. doi: 10.1111/tpj.14046. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 52.Huckelhoven R., Kogel K.H. Reactive oxygen intermediates in plant-microbe interactions: Who is who in powdery mildew resistance? Plants. 2003;216:891–902. doi: 10.1007/s00425-003-0973-z. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 53.Gong Z., Xiong L., Shi H., Yang S., Herrera-Estrella L.R., Xu G., Chao D.Y., Li J., Wang P.Y., Qin F., et al. Plant abiotic stress response and nutrient use efficiency. Sci. China Life Sci. 2020;63:635–674. doi: 10.1007/s11427-020-1683-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 54.de Carvalho M.H.C. Drought stress and reactive oxygen species: Production, scavenging and signaling. Plant Signal. Behav. 2008;3:156–165. doi: 10.4161/psb.3.3.5536. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 55.Alscher R.G., Erturk N., Heath L.S. Role of superoxide dismutases (SODs) in controlling oxidative stress in plants. J. Exp. Bot. 2002;53:1331–1341. doi: 10.1093/jexbot/53.372.1331. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 56.Cheng Q., Dong L., Gao T., Liu T., Li N., Wang L., Chang X., Wu J., Xu P., Zhang S. The bHLH transcription factor GmPIB1 facilitates resistance to Phytophthora sojae in Glycine max. J. Exp. Bot. 2018;69:2527–2541. doi: 10.1093/jxb/ery103. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 57.Bechtold U., Albihlal W.S., Lawson T., Fryer M.J., Sparrow P.A., Richard F., Persad R., Bowden L., Hickman R., Martin C., et al. Arabidopsis HEAT SHOCK TRANSCRIPTION FACTORA1b overexpression enhances water productivity, resistance to drought, and infection. J. Exp. Bot. 2013;64:3467–3481. doi: 10.1093/jxb/ert185. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 58.Yu H., Gao Q., Dong S., Zhou J., Ye Z., Lan Y. Effects of dietary n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs) on growth, fatty acid profiles, antioxidant capacity and immunity of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka) Fish Shellfish. Immunol. 2016;54:211–219. doi: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.04.013. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 59.Ranjan A., Jayaraman D., Grau C., Hill J.H., Whitham S.A., Ane J.M., Smith D.L., Kabbage M. The pathogenic development of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in soybean requires specific host NADPH oxidases. Mol. Plant Pathol. 2018;19:700–714. doi: 10.1111/mpp.12555. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 60.Ding Q.Q., Wang X.T., Hu L.Q., Qi X., Ge L.H., Xu W.Y., Xu Z.S., Zhou Y.B., Jia G.Q., Diao X.M., et al. MYB-like transcription factor SiMYB42 from foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.) enhances Arabidopsis tolerance to low-nitrogen stress. Yi Chuan. 2018;40:327–338. doi: 10.16288/j.yczz.17-315. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 61.Alves M.S., Dadalto S.P., Goncalves A.B., De Souza G.B., Barros V.A., Fietto L.G. Plant bZIP transcription factors responsive to pathogens: A review. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2013;14:7815–7828. doi: 10.3390/ijms14047815. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 62.Xie D.X., Feys B.F., James S., Nieto-Rostro M., Turner J.G. COI1: An Arabidopsis gene required for jasmonate-regulated defense and fertility. Science. 1998;280:1091–1094. doi: 10.1126/science.280.5366.1091. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 63.Wang H., Zhou L., Fu Y., Cheung M.Y., Wong F.L., Phang T.H., Sun Z., Lam H.M. Expression of an apoplast-localized BURP-domain protein from soybean (GmRD22) enhances tolerance towards abiotic stress. Plant Cell Environ. 2012;35:1932–1947. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2012.02526.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 64.Valente M.A., Faria J.A., Soares-Ramos J.R., Reis P.A., Pinheiro G.L., Piovesan N.D., Morais A.T., Menezes C.C., Cano M.A., Fietto L.G., et al. The ER luminal binding protein (BiP) mediates an increase in drought tolerance in soybean and delays drought-induced leaf senescence in soybean and tobacco. J. Exp. Bot. 2009;60:533–546. doi: 10.1093/jxb/ern296. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 65.Li W., Sun Y., Wang B., Xie H., Wang J., Nan Z. Transcriptome analysis of two soybean cultivars identifies an aluminum respon-sive antioxidant enzyme GmCAT1. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 2020;84:1394–1400. doi: 10.1080/09168451.2020.1740970. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 66.Clough S.J., Bent A.F. Floral dip: A simplified method for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J. 1998;16:735–743. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.1998.00343.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 67.Lescot M., Dehais P., Thijs G., Marchal K., Moreau Y., de Peer Y.V., Rouze P., Rombauts S. PlantCARE, a database of plant cis-acting regulatory elements and a portal to tools for in silico analysis of promoter sequences. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002;30:325–327. doi: 10.1093/nar/30.1.325. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 68.Sazegari S., Niazi A., Ahmadi F.S. A study on the regulatory network with promoter analysis for Arabidopsis DREB-genes. Bioinformation. 2015;11:101–106. doi: 10.6026/97320630011101. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 69.Bowler C., Benvenuto G., Laflamme P., Molino D., Probst A.V., Tariq M., Paszkowski J. Chromatin techniques for plant cells. Plant J. 2004;39:776–789. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2004.02169.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 70.Cai H., Zhang M., Liu Y., He Q., Chai M., Liu L., Chen F., Huang Y., Yan M., Zhao H. Genome-Wide Classification and Evolutionary and Functional Analyses of the VQ Family. Trop. Plant Biol. 2019;12:1–15. doi: 10.1007/s12042-019-09224-4. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 71.Cai H., Zhao L., Wang L., Zhang M., Su Z., Cheng Y., Zhao H., Qin Y. ERECTA signaling controls Arabidopsis inflorescence architecture through chromatin-mediated activation of PRE1 expression. New Phytol. 2017;214:1579–1596. doi: 10.1111/nph.14521. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 72.Century K., Reuber T.L., Ratcliffe O.J. Regulating the regulators: The future prospects for transcription-factor-based agricultural biotechnology products. Plant Physiol. 2008;147:20–29. doi: 10.1104/pp.108.117887. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Supplementary Materials

Click here for additional data file. (854.5KB, zip)

Data Availability Statement

All data analyzed during this study are included in this article and its additional files.

Articles from International Journal of Molecular Sciences are provided here courtesy of Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)

RESOURCES