Table 2.
Changes in anthropometric variables and biochemical markers of metabolic health following the LCHF and HCLF diets for 8 weeks.
| LCHF | HCLF | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Measure | Week 0 | Week 4 | Week 8 | Week 0 | Week 4 | Week 8 | TIME | T X G | Group |
| SBP (mmHg) | 130 ± 10 | 120 ± 10 b | 123 ± 9 b | 127 ± 12 | 128 ± 12 | 129 ± 14 | 0.040 | 0.010 | 0.431 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 83 ± 9 | 77 ± 9 | 75 ± 9 bb | 78 ± 8 | 79 ± 8 | 78 ± 9 | 0.009 | 0.009 | 0.870 |
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 5.69 ± 0.41 | 5.78 ± 0.47 | 5.68 ± 0.47 | 5.79 ± 0.35 | 5.60 ± 0.54 | 5.80 ± 0.53 | 0.844 | 0.159 | 0.925 |
| Cystatin C (ug/mL) | 0.36 ± 0.11 | 0.31 ± 0.06 | 0.36 ± 0.09 | 0.41 ± 0.13 | 0.43 ± 0.17 | 0.43 ± 0.15 | 0.620 | 0.201 | 0.183 |
| NEFA (mmol/) | 0.79 ± 0.34 | 0.96 ± 0.30 | 0.80 ± 0.24 | 0.76 ± 0.25 | 0.79 ± 0.22 | 0.62 ± 0.17 | 0.078 | 0.587 | 0.309 |
| Ferritin (ng/mL) | 172.61 ± 168.17 | 162.49 ± 159.66 | 173.14 ± 162.87 | 155.38 ± 83.30 | 128.14 ± 72.66 | 141.38 ± 89.82 | 0.039 | 0.290 | 0.718 |
| Non-parametric testing | LCHF (Time) | HCLF (Time) | |||||||
| WC (cm) | 101 (15.8) | 99.1 (17.2) | 98.4 (16.9) b | 93.8 (22.4) | 93.1 (21.9) | 92.0 (22.1) | 0.052 | 0.346 | |
| VAT (l) | 4.23 (3.09) | 3.83 (3.09) | 3.19 (3.06) b | 2.65 (1.98) | 2.46 (1.90) | 2.46 (1.84) | 0.052 | 0.544 | |
| Adiponectin (ug/mL) | 2.69 (3.27) | 3.33 (1.91) | 3.19 (3.33) | 2.01 (2.09) | 2.12 (1.51) | 2.12 (1.85) | 0.964 | 0.079 | |
| CRP (ug/mL) | 1.10 (1.62) | 1.69 (1.66) ** | 1.24 (1.29) | 1.06 (0.79) | 0.88 (0.51) | 0.98 (0.86) | 0.305 | 0.236 | |
| IL-6 (pg/mL) | 1.30 (1.37) | 1.23 (1.27) | 1.54 (0.38) | 1.11 (1.61) | 0.83 (0.92) | 1.04 (1.99) | 0.964 | 0.794 | |
| TNFα (pg/mL) | 6.74 (1.28) | 5.83 (1.93) | 5.97 (1.74) | 6.50 (3.19) | 6.23 (3.21) | 6.15 (3.45) | 0.620 | 0.531 | |
| Leptin (ng/mL) | 3.98 (1.86) ** | 1.98 (1.84) b ** | 1.20 (2.42) bb | 1.31 (0.71) | 0.95 (0.54) | 1.07 (0.86) | 0.001 | 0.285 | |
| LAR (ng/ug) | 1.70 (2.63) ** | 0.96 (1.4) b ** | 0.70 (1.37) bb | 0.37 (0.41) | 0.23 (0.28) | 0.31 (0.7) | 0.001 | 0.029 | |
| Resistin (ng/mL) | 2.75 (1.15) | 2.76 (1.47) | 2.60 (1.51) | 3.82 (2.57) | 2.93 (1.78) | 2.97 (1.70) | 0.964 | 0.150 | |
| PAI-1 (ng/mL) | 7.30 (9.61) | 6.53 (4.45) | 6.32 (5.20) | 5.14 (8.02) | 4.11 (5.37) | 4.47 (9.99) | 0.112 | 0.794 | |
| FGF21 (pg/mL) | 148.16 (203.49) | 99.4 (92.43) | 167.38 (152.08) | 138 (243.56) | 136.4 (233.41) | 201.3 (406.55) | 0.051 | 0.935 | |
| D-3-Hydroxybutyrate (mmol/L) | 0.07 (0.01) | 0.31 (0.06) b * | 0.19 (0.27) | 0.09 (0.05) | 0.13 (0.11) | 0.08 (0.03) | 0.035 | 0.580 | |
Values are expressed as means ± SD of n = 8 LCHF & n = 8 HCLF. Non-parametric testing values are expressed as median ((interquartile range) of n = 7 LCHF & n = 8 HCLF. b p < 0.05, bb p < 0.01, denotes significantly different to baseline, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 denotes significantly different between groups at that timepoint. CRP, C-Reactive protein; CYSC, Cystatin-C; DBP, Diastolic blood pressure; HOMA IR, homeostatic model of insulin resistance; IL-6, interileukin-6; LAR, Leptin/Adiponectin ratio; NEFA, non-esterified fatty acids; PAI-1, Plasminogen activated inhibitor-1; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TNFα, Tumour necrosis factor-α; VAT, Visceral adipose tissue.