Table 1.
The effects of trientine on cardiac copper regulation in animals and related blood parameters in animals and patients with hypertrophy.
| Study | Type of Model/Subjects | Trientine (TETA) (Dose and Duration) |
Findings | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Animal | STZ-induced diabetic cardiomyopathy in rats |
20 mg/day in drinking water for 8 weeks (post-treatment) (~68 mg/kg/day) | ↑ cardiac copper content ↔ CTR-1 mRNA and protein ↑ CTR-2 mRNA and protein |
[34] |
| Animal | STZ-induced diabetic cardiomyopathy in rats |
20 mg/day in drinking water for 8 weeks (post-treatment) (~68 mg/kg/day) | ↑ cardiac copper content | [38] |
| Animal | Transverse aortic constriction- induced cardiac hypertrophy in rats |
21.9 and 87.6 mg/kg twice daily orally for 6 weeks | TETA (21.9 mg/kg/day): ↑ LV copper content ↑ urinary copper ↓ renal copper content ↔ plasma copper level ↔ CTR-1 and CTR-2 protein TETA (87.6 mg/kg/day): ↓ LV and renal content ↑ urinary copper ↓ renal copper content ↔ plasma copper level ↔ CTR-1 and CTR-2 protein |
[14] |
| Animal | Ascending aortic constriction-induced cardiac hypertrophy in rats | 21.9 mg/kg twice daily orally for 6 weeks | ↑ cardiac copper ↔ CTR-1 mRNA and protein ↑ CTR-2 mRNA and protein |
[15] |
| Animal | STZ-induced diabetic cardiomyopathy in rats |
(a) Intravenous infusion, 60 s once hourly in increasing doses (0.1, 1.0, 10, and 100 mg/kg) (b) 8–11 mg/day in drinking water for 7 weeks (post-treatment) |
↑ Copper urinary excretion ↑ Cardiac total copper |
[39] |
| Animal | STZ-induced diabetic cardiomyopathy in rats |
30 mg/day in drinking water for 8 weeks (post-treatment) | ↑ LV total copper | [33] |
| Human | Type 2 diabetic patients with LVH (n = 15) | 600 mg twice daily orally for 12 months | ↔ plasma copper ↑ 24 h urinary copper |
[40] |
| Human | Patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (n = 20) | 300 mg twice daily orally, increased after 1 week to 600 mg twice daily if tolerated for 6 months | ↔ serum copper | [23] |
CTR-1, copper transporter 1; CTR-2, copper transporter 2; LV, left ventricle; LVH, left ventricular hypertrophy; STZ, streptozotocin; ↑, significant increase; ↓, significant decrease; ↔, no difference.