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. 2022 Sep 10;23(18):10521. doi: 10.3390/ijms231810521

Table 1.

Effects of different capping agents of nanoparticles used in drug delivery.

Sr. No. Nanoparticles (NPs) Capping Agents Drug Targeting Disease/Cell Line Type Mechanism of Action/Effect Reference
1. Ag NPs PVA & Chitosan Naproxen Saos-2 cells Strong response of Saos-2 cells with a higher level of adhesion, proliferation, and mineralization [65]
2. Ag NPs PVA DOX, Curcumin Bacillus cereus, E. coli Significant antibacterial activity [66]
3. Ag NPs PVA, PVP PVA-Ag NPs, PVP-Ag NPs Skin wound PVA-Ag NPs: Exhibit a dominant antibacterial efficacy and showed positive effects through their anti-inflammatory and angiogenic properties, with a nearly 95% healing effect within 9 days; PVP-Ag NPs: Potential antimicrobial efficacy and wound healing properties [67]
4. Ag NPs PEG I-131 radionuclide WI-38 cells, solid tumor sarcoma bearing mice High in-vitro and in-vivo stability, with no cytotoxic effect on normal cells at a lower concentration, high radioactivity accumulation in tumor tissues of mice [68]
5. Ag NPs PVA/PVP/Pectin Mafenide acetate Skin wound Remarkable effect on wound healing [69]
6. Ag NPs Chitosan Ag-Chitosan Skin wound Accelerated the healing of a burn wound by decreasing the inflammatory reaction; subsequently, decreasing the duration of the repair phase [70]
7. Fe3O4 NPs PVA, SA, BSA DOX HepG2, L02 cell lines Fe3O4-SA-DOX-PVA-BSA toxic to HepG2 cell lines and non-toxic to L02 cell lines [71]
8. Fe3O4 NPs EDTA Imatinib Bone marrow cell line (K562) Drug loaded NPs display lower liver accumulation compared to a bared drug, prolonged circulation time [72]
9. MnFe2O4 NPs PVP DOX HeLa Cells No cytotoxicity of PVP-coated MnFe2O4 nanoparticles. Controlled drug delivery with pH-dependent release behavior. [73]
10. PLGA NPs Chitosan, PEG and Dextran Curcumin Breast cancer cells (MCF-7) Effective in arresting cancer cell growth, induce apoptosis [74]
11. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MS NPs) PEG DOX HeLa cells Decrease in cancer cell viability [33]
12. MS NPs PEGylated polyaminoacids Celastrol (CST) Cancer cells, and SCC-7 xenograft tumor-bearing mice CMSN-PEG exhibited high in vitro cytotoxicity in different cancer cells, effectively used as a mitochondrial targeting system for efficient inhibition of solid tumors [75]
13. MNs loaded with PB NPs PVA/PVP Metformin Skin The effective decline in the BGLs of diabetic rats. [76]
14. Au NPs PAMAM–COOH (G4) DOX Cancer Enhanced permeation and retention (EPR) mediated drug
targeting followed by the lysosomal drug release		 [77]
15. FeO NPs PAMAM–NH2 (G4) 3,4-difluorobenz ylidene- curcumin SKOV3 cells Multivalent theranostic nanoparticles for simultaneous imaging and precise cancer cell targeting [78]
16. Au NPs BSA Methotrexate (MTX) MCF-7 Inhibitory action on the growth of MCF-7 cell line induces apoptosis [79]
17. MS NPs Peptide coated Au NPs DOX U87 MG cells and HEK 293 cells NPs-mediated apoptosis of αvβ3 integrin over-expressing cancer cells [80]
18. Fe3O4 NC
(nano-composite)		 PAH/PSS DOX A549 cell lines pH-responsive drug release and higher cytotoxicity towards human lung cancer (A549) cells in vitro in a dose-dependent manner [81]
19. Ultrasmall iron oxide nanoparticles
(USIONPs)		 Tannic acid (TA) and Quinic acid (QA) Quinic acid (QA) and its derivatives U87 cells and metastatic (MDA-MB-231Br cells) Higher cellular uptake of QA-coated USIONPs compared to TA-coated USIONPs [82]
20. Ag NPs Aesculus hippocastanum (horse chestnut) Aqueous A. hippocastanum leaf extract, resveratrol Bacterial agents, in vitro drug release Significant antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, drug release from AgNPs exhibited pH dependency; the release was significant (45.6%) under acidic conditions (pH 5.2) [83]
21. Au & Ag NPs B. monosperma (BM) leaf extract DOX B16F10 & MCF-7 cancer cells Significant inhibition of cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner (0.06–0.25 μM w. r. t DOX) [84]
22. PD-FeO NPs CS, PVA Leaf extract of Pinus densiflora (PD) Diabetic and anemia-associated diabetic wounds Enhanced cell proliferation and augmented angiogenesis, leading to wound contraction and reduction in cytotoxicity [85]
23. CeO2 NPs CS/PVA Zingiber officinale extract Human dermal fibroblasts cells Significantly decreased wound infections without the use of antibiotics [86]
24. ZnO NPs Chitosan Camellia sinensis/Paclitaxel MCF-7 High cytotoxic effect on the breast cancer cell line [87]
25. α-Fe2O3 NPs Nepeta cataria leaves extract Doxorubicin Melanoma cell line (A375) Significant cytotoxic
effect against the melanoma cancer cell line		 [88]

Au NPs (gold nanoparticles); Ag NPs (silver nanoparticles); PLGA NPs (poly(lactic co-glycolic acid); MNs (microneedles); PB NPs (perssian blue nanoparticles); CeO2-NPs (cerium oxide nanoparticles); Saos-2 (Sarcoma osteogenic); DOX (Doxorubicin); WI-38 cells (Human lung fibroblast normal cell line); ROS (Reactive oxygen species); SA (Sodium alginate); BSA (Bovine serum albumin); HepG2 (Human cancer liver cell lines (hepatocellular carcinoma); and L02 (Human normal liver cell lines (hepatocytes); EDTA (Ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid); K562 (Bone marrow cell line); HMTA (Hexa methylene tetramine); HepG2, ATCC ® HB-8065™ cell culture (Human hepatocellular carcinoma culture); MCF-7 (Breast cancer cells); A20 murine B-cell lymphoma cells; SCC7 (murine squamous cell carcinoma cell line); MNs (Near-infrared light triggered microneedles); PB (Perussian blue); HCT15, HT29, and HCT116 (colon cancer cell lines); A549 (human lung cancer cell lines); PAMAM–COOH (G4), PAMAM–NH2 (G4) (Poly amidoamine dendrimers); SKOV3 cells (Ovarian cancer cell lines); U87 MG cells (Human glioblastoma); HEK 293 cells (Human embryonic kidney cells); PSS (Sodium poly (styrene sulfonate)); PAH (Polycation Poly (allylamine hydrochloride)); HMBPs (Heavy metal binding proteins); USIONPs (Ultra smart iron oxide nanoparticles; SPIONs (Super paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles); MDA-MB-231Br cells (metastatic breast cancer cell lines); B16F10 (murine melanoma cell line).