Table 2.
Spheroids, organoids, and embryoids by various cell lines and their applications in tissue engineering.
| Spheroids, Organoids, Embryoids |
Cell Lines | Applications | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cancer spheroids |
Human astrocytoma cell line U87 | Drug screening (hypoxia-inducible factors(HIFs) inhibitors), the influence of hypoxia |
[37] |
| Pancreatic cancer cells MIA PaCa-2 | Effect of combined chemotherapy (cisplatin) and irradiation | [81] | |
| Human liver cancer cell line HepG2 | Drug screening (doxorubicin hydrochloride) | [63] | |
| Mammary carcinoma cell line EMT-6 | Drug screening (curcumin) | [78] | |
| Mono-culture of human breast cancer cell line MCF-7, Mono-culture of human astrocytoma cell line U87 |
Drug screening (doxorubicin) | [87] | |
| Human neuroblastoma cell line SK-N-DZ | Combined effect of cisplatin and MG132 | [53] | |
| Tri-culture of human lung cancer cells A549, human lung fibroblasts MRC-5, and human umbilical vein endothelial cells |
Combined effect of paclitaxel + Gemcitabine, paclitaxel alone, Gemcitabine alone |
[89] | |
| Mono-culture of mouse hepatoma Hepa1-6 cells, mono-culture of mouse hepatic stellate JS-1 cells, co-culture of Hepa1–6 cells and JS-1 cells |
Drug screening (paclitaxel) | [90] | |
| Organoids | Rat chondrocytes | Drug screening (HIFs inhibitors), the influence of hypoxia |
[91] |
| Mono-culture (hepatocytes alone), co-culture of hepatocytes + hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), co-culture of hepatocytes + sinusoidal endothelial cells (SECs), tri-culture (hepatocytes + HSCs + SECs) |
Xenogeneic implantation | [92] | |
| Prenatal rat cortical neurons | Neurotoxicity study of amyloid beta | [94] | |
| Primary rat neural progenitor cells | Neuronal signal transmission through neurite bundles | [49] | |
| Mono-culture of islet single cells, co-culture of islet single cells and ADSCs |
Xenogeneic implantation | [96] | |
| Co-culture of rat pancreatic islet cell and rat primary hepatocyte |
Xenogeneic implantation | [97] | |
| Embryoids | Murine R1 ES cell line | Validation of differentiation capabilities | [45,98] |
| Human adipose-derived stem cells | Validation of differentiation capabilities | [64] | |
| Human tonsil-derived mesenchymal stem cells | Xenogeneic implantation | [100] | |
| Human embryonic stem cells (H9- and CHA15-hESCs) | Optimization of differentiation conditions | [48] |