Figure 1.

Effects of short-chain fatty acids on cytokine expression. HCT-8 cells were infected with C. parvum and/or treated with 1 mM butyrate for 48 h, after which supernatants were analyzed for cytokine production using the Luminex 100 system (Luminex). Amounts of cytokines, IL-1α (left figure) and IL-8 (right figure) are shown above. Values are reported as relative light units. Control wells (uninfected, untreated) were compared with treated and infected wells. Values are means ± SEM, n = 4. * Different from control, p < 0.05. ** Different from the experimental group as indicated by bar, p < 0.05.