Table 2.

Summary of the effectiveness of awake prone position (APP) for COVID-19 patients.

Authors	Design	N	HFNC, Percentage	Duration of APP per Day	Main Results
Ferrando et al. [52]	Adjusted cohort study	199	APP group: 100% Control group: 100%	APP group: >16 h Control group: not mentioned	Risk of intubation (Prone group vs. Control group) RR: 0.87; 95% CI: 0.53–1.43, p = 0.60. 28-day mortality (Prone group vs. Control group) RR: 1.04; 95% CI: 0.40–2.72, p = 0.92.
Rosén et al. [53]	RCT	75	Control group: 74% Prone group: 86%	APP group: median 9.0 h [4.4; 10.6] Control group: median 3.4 h [1.8; 8.4]	Intubation rate: APP vs. Control group: 33% vs. 33%, HR: 1.01, 95% CI: 0.46–2.21, p = 0.99.
Ehrmann et al. [54]	RCT (multinational meta-trial)	1126	APP group: 100% Standard care: 100%	APP group: median 5·0 h [1·6; 8·8] Standard care: median 0 h [0;0]	Treatment failure at day 28: APP vs. Standard: 40% vs. 46%, RR 0.86; 95% CI: 0.75–0.98. Risk of intubation: APP vs. Standard: HR 0.75; 95% CI: 0.62–0.91. Mortality: APP vs. Standard: HR: 0.87; 95% CI: 0.68–1.11.
Kaur et al. [55]	Post hoc analysis for an RCT (American trial)	125	Early APP: 100% Late APP: 100%	Early APP: median 5.07 h (2–9.05) Late APP: median 3 h (1.09–5.64)	Mortality: Early vs. Late: 26% vs. 45%, p = 0.039. Risk of intubation: Early vs. Late: 37% vs. 42.4%, p = 0.58.
Ibarra-Estrada et al. [56]	RCT (Mexican trial)	430	APP group: 100% Standard care: 100%	APP group: median 2·5 h [0·7; 6·9] Standard care: 0 h [0;0]	Risk of intubation: APP vs. Standard: 30% vs. 43%, RR: 0.7; 95% CI: 0.54–0.90, p = 0.006. Higher chance of treatment success if APP > 8 h/day: adjusted HR: 13.2, 95% CI: 5.4–32.1. Higher survival rate at 28 days if APP > 8 h/day: HR: 5.7, 95% CI: 2.2–14.5.