Figure 3.

Leucine supplementation from 15M relieved aging-induced vascular inflammatory responses, ROS generation, and VSMC phenotype transformation. Representative images of CD45 immunohistochemistry staining showed inflammatory cell infiltration (A). Representative images of DHE staining (B). Quantitative analysis of CD45 positive cells is shown in (C). Quantitative analysis of the red dots is shown in (D). Representative immunohistochemistry staining and quantification of contractile markers calponin, ɑ-SMA, vimentin, and synthetic marker osteopontin are shown in (E,F). Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA; data are presented as mean ± SEM, n = 6/group. * p <0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, and **** p < 0.0001. ND: normal diet.