Figure 6.

Inhibition of Foxo1 activity reversed the protective effects of leucine supplementation on VSMC phenotype transformation. Representative images and quantification of CD45 immunohistochemistry and DHE staining are shown in (A–D). Representative immunohistochemistry staining and quantification of contractile markers calponin, ɑ-SMA, vimentin, and synthetic marker osteopontin are shown in (E,F). Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA; data are presented as mean ± SEM, n = 6/group. * p < 0.05, *** p < 0.001, and **** p < 0.0001. ND: normal diet.