Table 4.

Potential applications of seed wastes as prebiotics.

Seed Groups	Seed Sub-Groups	Extraction Methods	Active Components	Uses	References
Fruit seeds	Date seed	Microbial fermentation	Dietary fibers	Cultivation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae	[153,154,155]
	Grape seeds	Aqueous	Proanthocyanidins	Antithrombotic Antitumor Anti-mutagenic	[156,157]
	Mango seeds	Ethanolic	Polyphenols	Modulation of gut microbiota	[158,159,160]
	Tamarind	Alcoholic	Monomers of glucose, galactose and xylose	Stimulation of LAB growth Anti-diabetic	[161,162]
Cereals	Rice	Aqueous	Dietary fibers	Satiety regulation Reduction in the glycemic index of food Prevention of diseases	[163,164]
	Brewer’s spent grains	Acid hydrolysis	Xylose	Increase in fat excretion Reduction of gallstones and plasma cholesterol	[165,166]
	Buckwheat	Ethanolic	Resistant starch	Decrease in cholesterol level Colon health improvement	[1,167]
	Coffee spent	Enzymatic hydrolysis	MOS	Stimulate growth of microbiota	[168,169]
Legumes and pulses	Beans	Acid and alkaline hydrolysis	Dietary fibers Phenolics	Support growth of LAB Antioxidant potential Anti-diabetic	[170,171]
Oil seeds	Sesame seeds	Organic solvent	Sesamin and Sesamolin	Anti-hypertensive Lowering of Cholesterols Anti-cancer Stimulation of LAB growth	[172,173]

MOS—mono-oligosaccharides, LAB—lactic acid bacteria.