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Alpha-diversity across cohorts. (A) In the Spanish cohort, Shannon and Chao1 indices showed a significant decrease in both microbial richness and evenness in CD. (B) In the USA cohort, the differences in Shannon and Chao1 indices were maintained when comparing CD with HC, but not when comparing CD with UC. (C) The Chinese cohort also showed decreased richness and evenness in CD compared with HC.
