Table 1.
Clinical characteristics in controls and patients with sepsis (number, mean ± standard error mean).
| No AKI (n = 19) |
AKI (n = 17) |
ESRD (n = 8) |
All Patients (n = 44) |
Controls (n = 27) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 76.3 ± 2.6 | 73.9 ± 2.5 | 77.0 ± 3.6 | 75.5 ± 1.6 | 60.3 ± 1.3 * |
| Male (%) | 14 (73.7) | 10 (58.8) | 2 (25.0) | 26 (59.1) | 17 (63.0) |
| APACHE II score | 18.0 ± 0.9 | 26.9 ± 1.0 † | 27.8 ± 3.3 † | 23.2 ± 1.1 | |
| SOFA score | 8.5 ± 0.7 | 11.9 ± 0.9 † | 12.3 ± 0.8 † | 10.5 ± 0.6 | |
| History (%) | |||||
| COPD | 1 (5.3) | 1 (5.9) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (4.5) | |
| Heart failure | 3 (15.8) | 2 (11.8) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (11.4) | |
| Hypertension | 14 (73.7) | 9 (52.9) | 7 (87.5) | 30 (68.2) | |
| Diabetes mellitus | 7 (36.8) | 6 (35.3) | 6 (75.0) | 19 (43.2) | |
| Old CVA | 5 (26.3) | 4 (23.5) | 1 (12.5) | 10 (22.7) | |
| Liver cirrhosis | 2 (10.5) | 3 (17.6) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (11.4) | |
| Active malignancy | 1 (5.3) | 1 (5.9) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (4.5) | |
| Infection source | |||||
| Pneumonia | 13 (68.4) | 13 (76.5) | 3 (37.5) | 29 (65.9) | |
| UTI | 3 (15.8) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (25.0) | 5 (11.4) | |
| Others | 3 (15.8) | 4 (23.5) | 3 (37.5) | 10 (22.7) | |
| Adverse event | |||||
| New arrhythmia | 3 (15.8) | 1 (5.9) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (9.1) | |
| GI bleeding | 1 (5.3) | 3 (17.6) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (9.1) | |
| Shock | 8 (42.1) | 11 (64.7) | 6 (75.0) | 25 (56.8) | |
| Thrombocytopenia | 5 (26.3) | 7 (41.2) | 3 (37.5) | 15 (34.1) | |
| Jaundice | 3 (15.8) | 5 (29.4) | 0 (0.0) | 8 (18.2) | |
| Bacteremia | 3 (15.8) | 2 (11.8) | 2 (25.0) | 7 (15.9) | |
| Body weight, kg | 62.5 ± 3.6 | 60.6 ± 3.7 | 52.0 ± 4.3 | 59.9 ± 2.3 | 65.5 ± 1.9 |
| Serum creatinine, mg/dL | 1.25 ± 0.18 | 3.32 ± 0.36 † | 6.25 ± 1.31† | 2.96 ± 0.39 | 0.88 ± 0.05 * |
| Urine output, mL/kg/h | 0.97 ± 0.14 | 0.72 ± 0.17 | 0.05 ± 0.03 †,‡ | 0.70 ± 0.10 | |
| 28-day mortality | 1 (5.3) | 9 (52.9) † | 4 (50.0) † | 14 (31.8) |
Abbreviations: AKI = acute kidney injury; ESRD = end-stage renal disease; APACHE = Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation; SOFA = Sequential Organ Failure Assessment; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CVA = cerebral vascular accident; UTI = urinary tract infection; GI = gastrointestinal. * p < 0.05, comparison with patients using t-test. † p < 0.05, comparison with no AKI group using t-test or Fisher’s exact test. ‡ p < 0.05, comparison with AKI group using t-test.