Table 3.
Characteristics associated with proportion of feverish readings from multivariable mixed-effects logistic regressions, May 2019-February 2021.
| Variables | Odds ratio (95% CI)a | |||||
|
|
Offseason 2019 (May 1, 2019, to October 31, 2019) | Flu season (November 1, 2019, to February 2, 2020) | Wave 1 of COVID-19 (February 3, 2020, to May 31, 2020) | Wave 2 of COVID-19 (June 1, 2020, to October 31, 2020) | Wave 3 of COVID-19 (November 1, 2020, to February 28, 2021) | |
| Age (ref: 19-30 years) | ||||||
|
|
0-1 years | 0.56 (0.53-0.58) | 0.83 (0.79-0.86) | 1.05 (1.00-1.10) | 2.03 (1.93-2.14) | 2.09 (1.98-2.21) |
|
|
2-5 years | 1.69 (1.61-1.76) | 1.61 (1.55-1.67) | 1.93 (1.86-2.00) | 2.57 (2.46-2.69) | 2.01 (1.93-2.10) |
|
|
6-11 years | 1.93 (1.85-2.02) | 2.08 (2.00-2.15) | 1.80 (1.74-1.87) | 1.37 (1.30-1.43) | 1.09 (1.04-1.14) |
|
|
12-18 years | 1.33 (1.25-1.41) | 1.41 (1.35-1.47) | 1.26 (1.20-1.31) | 0.95 (0.90-1.01) | 0.73 (0.69-0.77) |
|
|
31-60 years | 0.85 (0.82-0.89) | 0.83 (0.80-0.86) | 0.73 (0.71-0.76) | 0.80 (0.77-0.84) | 0.93 (0.90-0.97) |
|
|
>60 years | 0.73 (0.66-0.81) | 0.53 (0.48-0.58) | 0.26 (0.25-0.28) | 0.48 (0.45-0.52) | 0.65 (0.62-0.69) |
| Gender, men (ref: women) | 1.06 (1.04-1.08) | 1.06 (1.05-1.08) | 1.06 (1.05-1.08) | 1.14 (1.12-1.17) | 1.27 (1.24-1.29) | |
| Density, urban (ref: rural)b | 1.05 (1.01-1.10) | 1.12 (1.09-1.16) | 0.90 (0.86-0.94) | 1.00 (0.95-1.06) | 1.18 (1.12-1.24) | |
| Poverty (ref: 0 to <10%)c | ||||||
|
|
10% to <20% | 1.00 (0.96-1.04) | 1.02 (0.99-1.05) | 1.14 (1.10-1.19) | 1.19 (1.13-1.25) | 1.15 (1.10-1.21) |
|
|
20% to <30% | 1.00 (0.95-1.06) | 1.05 (1.01-1.10) | 1.18 (1.11-1.25) | 1.29 (1.20-1.40) | 1.26 (1.17-1.35) |
|
|
≥30% | 0.99 (0.92-1.08) | 1.02 (0.96-1.08) | 0.99 (0.91-1.07) | 1.30 (1.17-1.43) | 1.26 (1.15-1.38) |
| FLUency user (ref: non-FLUency)d | 0.19 (0.17-0.21) | 0.80 (0.78-0.83) | 1.84 (1.74-1.94) | 0.72 (0.66-0.78) | 0.59 (0.55-0.63) | |
| Household composition (ref: adult-only)e | ||||||
|
|
Child-only | 2.21 (2.10-2.33) | 1.80 (1.73-1.88) | 13.66 (13.04-14.31) | 5.83 (5.49-6.20) | 3.08 (2.91-3.26) |
|
|
Multigenerational | 1.60 (1.52-1.69) | 1.51 (1.45-1.58) | 4.36 (4.16-4.57) | 2.62 (2.46-2.79) | 1.98 (1.86-2.09) |
| Region (ref: 1 [Northeast])f | ||||||
|
|
2 (DC, MD, WV, DE, NJ, PA, VA) | 1.00 (0.94-1.07) | 0.99 (0.94-1.05) | 1.17 (1.10-1.26) | 1.34 (1.22-1.46) | 1.02 (0.94-1.11) |
|
|
3 (GA, FL, NC, SC) | 1.02 (0.95-1.09) | 1.06 (1.00-1.12) | 1.25 (1.16-1.34) | 1.89 (1.72-2.07) | 1.56 (1.43-1.71) |
|
|
4 (KY, TN, AL, MS) | 0.93 (0.85-1.02) | 0.89 (0.83-0.95) | 1.23 (1.12-1.36) | 2.06 (1.81-2.34) | 1.77 (1.57-1.99) |
|
|
5 (IL, WI, IN, MI, MN, OH) | 0.85 (0.80-0.91) | 0.88 (0.83-0.92) | 1.20 (1.13-1.28) | 1.24 (1.14-1.34) | 1.10 (1.02-1.19) |
|
|
6 (OK, AR, LA, NM, TX) | 0.97 (0.91-1.04) | 1.00 (0.95-1.05) | 1.27 (1.19-1.37) | 1.98 (1.81-2.17) | 1.73 (1.59-1.89) |
|
|
7 (NE, IA, KS, MO) | 0.81 (0.74-0.88) | 0.87 (0.82-0.93) | 1.24 (1.13-1.35) | 1.31 (1.17-1.48) | 1.37 (1.22-1.54) |
|
|
8 (MT, ND, WY, CO, SD, UT) | 0.81 (0.73-0.90) | 0.85 (0.78-0.93) | 0.81 (0.72-0.90) | 1.12 (0.98-1.28) | 1.10 (0.97-1.25) |
|
|
9 (CA, NV, AZ, HI) | 0.99 (0.93-1.05) | 1.07 (1.02-1.13) | 0.99 (0.93-1.06) | 1.57 (1.45-1.70) | 1.42 (1.31-1.53) |
|
|
10 (AK, ID, OR, WA) | 0.79 (0.72-0.88) | 0.91 (0.84-1.00) | 0.58 (0.53-0.64) | 0.73 (0.64-0.82) | 0.86 (0.76-0.98) |
aEach study period consisted of a unique population and was analyzed separately. Values shown are the odds ratios with their associated 95% CIs. Reference groups are listed next to the name of the predictor.
bPercentage of population living below the 100% federal poverty level at the census tract level from the 2015-2019 American Community Survey.
cCategorized as urban if the census tract was part of an urbanized area of 50,000 or more people based on the 2010 US Census.
dReceived the thermometer through Kinsa’s school distribution and engagement program, FLUency.
eBased on ages of profiles associated with the device, with child-only households representing devices where a parent has made profiles for their children but not themself.
fClassified using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center For Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion Regions.