Table 1.

Association of viral infections with autoimmune diseases.

Virus	Autoimmune Disease	Reference
Parvovirus B19	SLE, adult-onset Still’s disease, RA	[8]
Epstein–Barr virus	RA, SLE, SS, PN, IgA nephropathy, MS, autoimmune thyroiditis, G-B syndrome, ITP	[5,6,7,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,36]
Human cytomegalovirus	SLE, PN, G-B syndrome	[17,37]
Varicella-zoster virus	ITP, SLE, RA, inflammatory bowel disease, autoimmune hepatitis	[15,16,18,19]
Influenza virus	ITP, type I DM	[15,20]
Rubella virus	ITP, type I DM	[15,21]
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1	HAM, SS, RA, PM, SSc, SLE	[22]
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1	SS, SLE, APS, PBC, PM, autoimmune hepatitis, vasculitis, ITP	[23,24]
Hepatitis B virus	PN, cryoglobulin vasculitis	[25]
Hepatitis C virus	SS, RA, PN, cryoglobulin vasculitis	[17,38]
Coxsackie B virus	Type I DM	[17,26]
Rotavirus	Type I DM	[16,27]

SLE: systemic lupus erythematosus, RA: rheumatoid arthritis, SS: Sjogren disease, PN: polyarteritis nodosa, G-B syndrome: Guillain–Barré syndrome, ITP: idiopathic thrombocytopenia, DM: diabetes mellitus, HAM: HTLV-1 associated myelopathy, PM: polymyositis, SSc: systemic sclerosis, APS: antiphospholipid syndrome, PBC: primary biliary cholangitis.