Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study population according to healthy lifestyle categories.
| Characteristics | Total Population | Unfavorable Lifestyle | Intermediate Lifestyle | Favorable Lifestyle | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 9771 | n = 5300 | n = 2943 | n = 1528 | ||
| Mean age (years) | 42.86 ± 0.42 | 42.14 ± 0.44 | 43.87 ± 0.52 | 43.50 ± 0.83 | 0.012 |
| Gender (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| Male | 4366 (47.01) | 2854 (54.43) | 1116 (42.12) | 396 (30.65) | |
| Female | 5405 (52.99) | 2446 (45.57) | 1827 (57.88) | 1132 (69.35) | |
| Ethnicity (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 3875 (77.55) | 2150 (79.93) | 1096 (74.87) | 629 (74.32) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 2766 (9.97) | 1585 (10.19) | 809 (10.63) | 372 (8.01) | |
| Mexican American | 2728 (4.87) | 1407 (4.44) | 897 (5.69) | 424 (4.84) | |
| Others | 402 (7.61) | 158 (5.44) | 141 (8.81) | 103 (12.83) | |
| Poverty status (%) | 0.007 | ||||
| Yes | 2185 (11.47) | 1239 (12.65) | 614 (9.70) | 332 (10.66) | |
| No | 7586 (88.53) | 4061 (87.35) | 2329 (90.30) | 1196 (89.34) | |
| Education | <0.001 | ||||
| Less than high school | 3517 (21.59) | 2094 (25.12) | 934 (17.91) | 489 (16.22) | |
| High school or above | 6254 (78.41) | 3206 (74.88) | 2009 (82.09) | 1039 (83.78) | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.70 ± 0.14 | 27.07 ± 0.16 | 26.55 ± 0.21 | 25.76 ± 0.19 | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) * | 91.90 ± 0.30 | 93.64 ± 0.35 | 90.81 ± 0.52 | 87.93 ± 0.49 | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) * | 203.60 ± 0.83 | 203.80 ± 0.96 | 203.49 ± 1.44 | 203.14 ± 1.72 | 0.925 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) * | 49.74 ± 0.38 | 47.89 ± 0.41 | 51.67 ± 0.55 | 52.60 ± 0.56 | <0.001 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) * | 98.21 ± 0.55 | 98.63 ± 0.57 | 98.83 ± 0.92 | 95.70 ± 0.86 | 0.003 |
| Hemoglobin A1c (%) * | 5.36 ± 0.03 | 5.40 ± 0.02 | 5.33 ± 0.04 | 5.29 ± 0.04 | 0.005 |
|
Alanine aminotransferase
(IU/L) * |
17.52 ± 0.39 | 17.68 ± 0.40 | 17.76 ± 0.57 | 16.56 ± 0.53 | 0.027 |
|
Aspartate aminotransferase
(IU/L) * |
20.82 ± 0.14 | 20.46 ± 0.17 | 21.55 ± 0.28 | 20.71 ± 0.27 | 0.002 |
| Self-reported comorbidities (%) | |||||
| Hypertension | 3154 (27.48) | 1748 (28.11) | 934 (27.63) | 472 (25.06) | 0.298 |
| Diabetes | 1018 (7.06) | 576 (7.49) | 294 (6.94) | 148 (5.81) | 0.196 |
| CVD | 600 (4.42) | 376 (4.63) | 168 (5.14) | 56 (2.43) | 0.017 |
| Cancer | 537 (6.69) | 272 (6.19) | 179 (8.20) | 86 (5.68) | 0.049 |
| Emphysema or chronic bronchitis | 645 (7.24) | 430 (9.10) | 155 (5.83) | 60 (3.44) | <0.001 |
| NAFLD (%) | 3578 (34.17) | 1992 (35.27) | 1049 (33.71) | 537 (31.30) | 0.041 |
| Hepatic Steatosis | 0.069 | ||||
| Normal | 6193 (65.83) | 3308 (64.73) | 1894 (66.29) | 991 (68.70) | |
| Mild | 1344 (13.91) | 706 (13.75) | 409 (13.37) | 229 (15.44) | |
| Moderate | 1498 (13.54) | 855 (14.29) | 435 (13.81) | 208 (10.49) | |
| Severe | 736 (6.72) | 431 (7.22) | 205 (6.53) | 100 (5.37) |
All estimates accounted for complex survey designs. For categorical variables, p value was calculated by Rao-Scott χ2 test, which is design adjusted version of Pearson χ2 test. For continuous variables, liner regression adjusted for sampling weights was used to calculate p value. * Missing data: Waist circumference (n = 220); Total cholesterol (n = 146); HDL-cholesterol (n = 215); Fasting glucose (n = 23); Hemoglobin A1c (n = 58); Alanine aminotransferase (n = 240); Aspartate aminotransferase (n = 240).