Table 4. Association of the level of mindful eating with sociodemographic characteristics and clinical profiles (N = 200).
| Variable | Mindful eating level | Crude OR (95% CI) | p-valuea | β | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | p-valueb | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High n = 101 | Low n = 99 | ||||||
| Age, mean (SD) | 59 (10.0) | 55 (11.0) | 1.03 (1.01,1.06) | 0.01 | 0.05 | 1.05 (1.01, 1.09) | 0.01 |
| Gender, n (%) | |||||||
| Female | 59 (54.6) | 49 (45.4) | 0.84 (0.82, 2.51) | 0.20 | -0.55 | 0.57 (0.30,1.1) | 0.90 |
| Male | 42 (45.7) | 50 (54.3) | ref | ref | |||
| Ethnicity, n (%) | |||||||
| Malay | 63 (51.6) | 59 (48.4) | ref | ||||
| Non-Malay | 38 (48.7) | 40 (51.3) | 1.07 (0.50, 1.57) | 0.69 | |||
| Education level, n (%) | |||||||
| No formal education | 3 (30.0) | 7 (70.0) | ref | ref | |||
| Lower education (primary & secondary) | 79 (52.3) | 72 (47.7) | 2.56 (0.64, 10.27) | 0.19 | 1.36 | 3.90(0.83,18.46) | 0.09 |
| Higher education (tertiary) | 19 (48.7) | 20 (51.3) | 2.21 (0.50,9.85) | 0.30 | 1.57 | 4.79(0.88,26.17) | 0.07 |
| Employment status, n (%) | |||||||
| Retired/Non-employed | 67 (53.2) | 59 (46.8) | ref | ||||
| Employed | 34 (45.9) | 40 (54.1) | 0.75 (0.42,1.33) | 0.32 | |||
| Household income, | |||||||
| n (%) | |||||||
| ≤ RM 4,849 | 78 (50.3) | 77 (49.7) | ref | ||||
| RM 4,850-RM10,959 | 14 (51.9) | 13 (48.1) | 1.06 (0.47, 2.41) | 0.88 | |||
| > RM 10,960 | 5 (50.0) | 5 (50.0) | 0.99 (0.28, 3.55) | 0.98 | |||
| Duration of T2DM, in years | |||||||
| ≤ 5 years | 45 (47.4) | 50 (52.6) | ref | ||||
| > 5 years | 56 (53.3) | 49 (46.7) | 1.27 (0.73, 2.21) | 0.40 | |||
| Treatment of T2DM | |||||||
| Diet/OADs | 70 (51.5) | 66 (48.5) | ref | ||||
| Insulin | 29 (47.5) | 32 (52.5) | 0.85 (0.47,1.56) | 0.61 | |||
| Family history of T2DM | |||||||
| Yes | 72 (50.0) | 72 (50.0) | ref | ||||
| No | 29 (51.8) | 27 (48.2) | 1.07 (0.58, 1.99) | 0.82 | |||
| BMI, mean (SD) | 28.4 (4.8) | 30.3 (6.4) | 0.94 (0.89,0.99) | 0.03 | -0.04 | 0.96 (0.91, 1.02) | 0.22 |
| FBS, n (%) | |||||||
| ≤ 7 mmol/L | 33 (42.9) | 44 (57.1) | ref | ref | |||
| > 7mmol/L | 68 (55.3) | 55 (44.7) | 1.65 (0.93, 2.93) | 0.09 | 0.94 | 2.55 (1.28, 5.07) | 0.01 |
| HbA1c level, mean (SD) | 8.00 (2.0) | 8.05 (2.1) | 0.99 (0.86,1.14) | 0.88 | |||
| Systolic blood pressure, mean (SD) | 137 (15.0) | 140 (17.0) | 0.98 (0.97,1.00) | 0.19 | -0.02 | 0.98 (0.96,1.00) | 0.06 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mean (SD) | 79 (9.0) | 81 (9) | 0.98 (0.95,1.00) | 0.15 | 0.01 | 1.01 (0.97, 1.06) | 0.53 |
| Co-morbidities | |||||||
| Hypertension | 79 (49.7) | 80 (50.3) | 0.85 (0.43,1.69) | 0.65 | |||
| Dyslipidaemia | 72 (54.1) | 61 (45.9) | 1.60 (0.88,2.90) | 0.12 | 0.46 | 1.59 | 0.16 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 9 (52.9) | 8 (47.1) | 1.11 (0.41, 3.01) | 0.83 | (0.83,3.05) | ||
| Cerebrovascular disease | 5 (62.5) | 3 (37.5) | 1.67 (0.39,7.17) | 0.50 | |||
| Chronic kidney disease | 6 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | UTC | 0.99 | |||
Hosmer-Lameshow test (p = 0.98), classification table (overall correctly classified percentage = 60.8%), and area under the ROC curve (69.8%) were applied to check the model fit. BOLD: significant results; UTC: unable to compute. a: simple logistic regression, b: multiple logistic regression.